Cognition: A Study in Mental Economy.

In this letter, we argue that an economic perspective on the mind has played-and should continue to play-a central role in the development of cognitive science. Viewing cognition as the productive application of mental resources puts cognitive science and economics on a common conceptual footing, paving the way for closer collaboration between the two disciplines. This will enable cognitive scientists to more readily repurpose economic concepts and analytical tools for the study of mental phenomena, while at the same time, enriching our understanding of the modern economy, which is increasingly driven by mental, rather than physical, production.

From Probability to Consilience: How Explanatory Values Implement Bayesian Reasoning.

Recent work in cognitive science has uncovered a diversity of explanatory values, or dimensions along which we judge explanations as better or worse. We propose a Bayesian account of these values that clarifies their function and shows how they fit together to guide explanation-making. The resulting taxonomy shows that core values from psychology, statistics, and the philosophy of science emerge from a common mathematical framework and provide insight into why people adopt the explanations they do.

What do clinicians think of the anatomical knowledge of medical students? Results of a survey.

Human anatomy is one of basic courses in medical education. It usually takes place during the first year of the medical school syllabus. However, the results of the course, if defined as profound anatomical knowledge, are not applied by the students until several years after the final anatomy examination.

The activity and immunoexpression of cathepsin D in rat male reproductive organs.

Cathepsin D is a cysteine endopeptidase that belongs to the lysosomal enzyme family. The aim of the study was to evaluate the enzyme immunoexpression and activity in selected male genital organs in mature Wistar rats. The activity of cathepsin D was measured spectrophotometrically in homogenates of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate.

Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in rabbit during the course of experimental diabetes.

The study was conducted on 56 rabbits, of White New Zealand breed, male gender. The average weight of the rabbits was 3 kg. The diabetes was evoked by intravenous injection of 10% alloxan, using the single dose of 100 mg/kg.

Histological examination of the kidney after experimental administration of MK-801 and dexamethasone.

The aim of the research was histological assessment of the influence of MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist) and dexamethasone on the kidney. The experiment was carried out on adult Albino-Swiss mouse males. MK-801 was administered in the dose of 0.

Histomorphology of renal proximal convoluted tubules of kidney of experimental animals after Cladribine (2-CdA) administration.

The proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney of the white Wistar rats were examined. The animals were given Cladribine (2-CdA) sub-cutaneously at the dose: 0.07 mg/kg b.

Morphological studies in modern teratological investigations.

Despite the variety of modern molecular techniques available, examination of foetal anatomy is still a fundamental part of teratological studies in evaluating the developmental toxicity of xenobiotics or other non-chemical factors. The article presents contemporary methods of embryotoxicity and foetotoxicity assessment. A single alizarin red S and double alcian blue followed by alizarin red S staining, as well as various methods of soft tissue examination are discussed.

Axillary lymph node and early breast cancer diagnostics. A case report.

Understanding of the anatomy of the axillary lymph nodes is important in diagnostic and treatment procedures for breast cancer. An interesting case is presented here of breast cancer without a breast tumour. The first symptom of the disease was lymphadenopathy of the axillary region.

Changes in antioxidant status of heart muscle tissue in experimental diabetes in rabbits.

The present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress-related parameters in alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits. After 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks of hyperglycaemia the enzymatic and non-enzymatic factors were measured in heart tissue of diabetic and control groups. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and the contents of total sulfhydryl compounds significantly increased at all time intervals.

Changes in antioxidant status of lung tissue in experimental diabetes in rabbits.

Objectives: Hyperglycaemia can result in oxidative stress which may affected as cellular tissue damage.

Design And Methods: After 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks of hyperglycaemia oxidative stress related parameters were measured in lung tissue of diabetic and control rabbits.

Results: Decreased activities of antioxidative compounds and intensification of lipid peroxidation process were found in diabetic lung.

Histological changes in the retina in experimental alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits.

Mature rabbits were given a single dose of alloxan at the dose of 100 mg/kg of b.m. After 3 and 6 weeks and after 3 and 6 months the retina samples were taken from the areas immediate to the papilla of the optic nerve.

Ultrastructural changes in the receptor parts of retinal rods in experimental alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits.

Mature rabbits were administered a single dose of alloxan at the dose 100 mg/kg b.m. After 3 and 6 weeks and after 3 and 6 months, the samples of the retina were taken from the areas immediate to the papilla of the optic nerve.

The relationship between estrogen and the development of liver vascular disorders.

The liver is central to the metabolic disposition of all drugs and foreign substance. Drug-induced liver injury is a potential complication of estrogen preparations. The primary estrogen-induced vascular disorders are peliosis hepatis and vasculitis.

Hepatic lysosomal enzymes activity and liver morphology after short-time omeprazole administration.

The aim of the study was to establish the influence of short-time omeprazole administration on liver function and morphology. Omeprazole was administered intraperitoneally, twice daily, for 3 days to male Wistar rats in two doses: 0.571 mg/kg and 5.

Differences in antioxidant status in skeletal muscle tissue in experimental diabetes.

Background: It has been suggested that oxidative stress may play an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The present study was designed to evaluate the oxidative stress-related parameters in alloxan (A)-induced long-term diabetes in rabbits.

Methods: After 3, 6 and 12 weeks of diabetes, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) and concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and free sulfhydryl compounds (SH) were measured in skeletal muscle of diabetic rabbits and the normal control subjects.

Temporary elevation of pancreatic lysosomal enzymes, as a result of the omeprazole-induced peripancreatic inflammation in male Wistar rats.

Omeprazole is one of the substituted benzimidazoles, which is not free of side effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of omeprazole therapy on pancreas. Omeprazole was administered intraperitoneally, twice a day, for 3 days to the male rats in 0.

The effects of short-time caffeine administration on skeleton development in Wistar rats.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of caffeine on skeleton ossification in rats. Caffeine was administered in Tween 80 solution, once daily, in oral bolus, during the whole second trimester, in three doses: C1--0.7 mg/kg, C2--7.

Changes in the activity of some lysosomal enzymes and in the fine structure of submandibular gland due to experimental diabetes.

The aim of this study was to establish and quantify changes in the activities of the some lysosomal enzymes and to determine the type of changes in the ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in rabbits caused during progression of diabetes. The experiment was conducted on 89 New Zealand rabbit males. Diabetes was induced by the intravenous administration of 10% alloxan solution at a dose of 10-mg/kg-body weight.