Human-machine collaboration for improving semiconductor process development.

One of the bottlenecks to building semiconductor chips is the increasing cost required to develop chemical plasma processes that form the transistors and memory storage cells. These processes are still developed manually using highly trained engineers searching for a combination of tool parameters that produces an acceptable result on the silicon wafer. The challenge for computer algorithms is the availability of limited experimental data owing to the high cost of acquisition, making it difficult to form a predictive model with accuracy to the atomic scale.

Engineering gold-platinum core-shell nanoparticles by self-limitation in solution.

Core-shell particles with thin noble metal shells represent an attractive material class with potential for various applications ranging from catalysis to biomedical and pharmaceutical applications to optical crystals. The synthesis of well-defined core-shell architectures remains, however, highly challenging. Here, we demonstrate that atomically-thin and homogeneous platinum shells can be grown via a colloidal synthesis method on a variety of gold nanostructures ranging from spherical nanoparticles to nanorods and nanocubes.

Self-Limiting Shell Formation in Cu@Ag Core-Shell Nanocrystals during Galvanic Replacement.

The understanding of synthetic pathways of bimetallic nanocrystals remains limited due to the complex energy landscapes and dynamics involved. In this work, we investigate the formation of self-limiting Cu@Ag core-shell nanoparticles starting from Cu nanocrystals followed by galvanic replacement with Ag ions. Bulk quantification with atomic emission spectroscopy and spatially resolved elemental mapping with electron microscopy reveal distinct nucleation regimes that produce nanoparticles with a tunable Ag shell thickness, but only up to a certain limiting thickness.

Manipulating the Transition Dipole Moment of CsPbBr Perovskite Nanocrystals for Superior Optical Properties.

Colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals exhibit unique photophysical properties including high quantum yields, tunable emission colors, and narrow photoluminescence spectra that have marked them as promising light emitters for applications in diverse photonic devices. Randomly oriented transition dipole moments have limited the light outcoupling efficiency of all isotropic light sources, including perovskites. In this report we design and synthesize deep blue emitting, quantum confined, perovskite nanoplates and analyze their optical properties by combining angular emission measurements with back focal plane imaging and correlating the results with physical characterization.

Design Principles for Trap-Free CsPbX Nanocrystals: Enumerating and Eliminating Surface Halide Vacancies with Softer Lewis Bases.

We introduce a general surface passivation mechanism for cesium lead halide perovskite materials (CsPbX, X = Cl, Br, I) that is supported by a combined experimental and theoretical study of the nanocrystal surface chemistry. A variety of spectroscopic methods are employed together with ab initio calculations to identify surface halide vacancies as the predominant source of charge trapping. The number of surface traps per nanocrystal is quantified by H NMR spectroscopy, and that number is consistent with a simple trapping model in which surface halide vacancies create deleterious under-coordinated lead atoms.

Tailoring Morphology of Cu-Ag Nanocrescents and Core-Shell Nanocrystals Guided by a Thermodynamic Model.

The ability to predict and control the formation of bimetallic heterogeneous nanocrystals is desirable for many applications in plasmonics and catalysis. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of stable, monodisperse, and solution-processed Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles with specific but unusual elemental arrangements that are consistent with a recently developed thermodynamic model. Using air-free scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the distribution of Cu and Ag positions was unambiguously identified within individual nanocrystals (NCs), leading to the discovery of a Cu-Ag nanocrescent shape.

The Making and Breaking of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Nanocrystals of Cesium Silver-Bismuth Halide Compositions.

Replacing lead in halide perovskites is of great interest due to concerns about stability and toxicity. Recently, lead free double perovskites in which the unit cell is doubled and two divalent lead cations are substituted by a combination of mono- and trivalent cations have been synthesized as bulk single crystals and as thin films. Here, we study stability and optical properties of all-inorganic cesium silver(I) bismuth(III) chloride and bromide nanocrystals with the double perovskite crystal structure.

Carbon Dioxide Dimer Radical Anion as Surface Intermediate of Photoinduced CO Reduction at Aqueous Cu and CdSe Nanoparticle Catalysts by Rapid-Scan FT-IR Spectroscopy.

Monitoring of visible light sensitized reduction of CO at Cu nanoparticles in aqueous solution by rapid-scan ATR FT-IR spectroscopy on the time scale of seconds allowed structural identification of a one-electron intermediate and demonstrated its kinetic relevancy for the first time. Isotopic labeling (C: 1632, 1358, 1346 cm; C: 1588, 1326, 1316 cm) revealed a species of carbon dioxide dimer radical anion structure, most likely bound to the catalyst surface through carbon. Intermediacy of Cu-C(═O)OCO surface species is in agreement with a recently proposed mechanism for electrocatalytic CO reduction at Cu metal nanoparticles based on Tafel slope analysis.

Surfactant-mediated electrodeposition of a water-oxidizing manganese oxide.

Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen is one of the most promising ways of storing energy from intermittent, renewable sources in the future. Toward this goal, development of inexpensive, stable, and non-toxic catalysts for water oxidation is crucial. We report that the electrodeposition of manganese oxide in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) produces a material that is highly active for electrocatalytic water oxidation at pH near 7 and remains stable for over 24 hours of sustained electrolysis.