Cellular mechanisms of copper neurotoxicity in human, differentiated neurons.

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element involved in fundamental physiological processes in the human body. Even slight disturbances in the physiological Cu homeostasis are associated with the manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. While suggesting a crucial role of Cu in the pathogenesis, the exact mechanisms of Cu neurotoxicity involved in the onset and progression of neurological diseases are far from understood.

Basal cell of origin resolves neuroendocrine-tuft lineage plasticity in cancer.

Neuroendocrine and tuft cells are rare, chemosensory epithelial lineages defined by expression of ASCL1 and POU2F3 transcription factors, respectively. Neuroendocrine cancers, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), frequently display tuft-like subsets, a feature linked to poor patient outcomes. The mechanisms driving neuroendocrine-tuft tumour heterogeneity, and the origins of tuft-like cancers are unknown.

Medical Students as Teachers: A Student-Led Course in Developing Teaching Skills.

Students as Teachers is a 7-month student-led elective that equips first- and second-year medical students with teaching skills. Pre- and post-course surveys measured participants' knowledge and confidence level in the course's learning objectives such as creating lesson plans, engaging learners, and assessing understanding. Eleven students participated in the course and 10 students completed the pre- and post-course surveys.

Chemokine CCL19 and Its Receptors CCR7 and CCRL1 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Background: CCL19 has been shown to predict disease severity in COVID-19 and treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. CCL19 can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects and is elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, its role in CRS remains unknown.

Development and validation of an imageless machine-learning algorithm for the initial screening of prostate cancer.

Purpose: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is a low-cost screening method for prostate cancer (PCa). However, its accuracy is limited. While progress is being made using medical imaging for PCa screening, PSA testing can still be improved as an easily accessible first step in the screening process.

Molecular, Cellular, and Technical Aspects of Breast Cancer Cell Lines as a Foundational Tool in Cancer Research.

Breast cancer comprises about 30% of all new female cancers each year and is the most common malignant cancer in women in the United States. Breast cancer cell lines have been harnessed for many years as a foundation for in vitro analytic studies to understand the use of cancer prevention and therapy. There has yet to be a compilation of works to analyze the pitfalls, novel discoveries, and essential techniques for breast cancer cell line studies in a scientific context.

Cytologic-Histologic Correlation Practices for Nongynecologic Cytology Specimens: A Survey by the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee.

Context.—: Cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC) is a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-mandated requirement for gynecologic cytology, but no similar requirement exists for nongynecologic cytology. This study presents the findings from a College of American Pathologists survey of nongynecologic cytology practice patterns.

Uptake and Discontinuation of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Uninsured Transgender and Cisgender Women: A Public-Private Partnership Model in North Carolina.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) remains underutilized among cis and trans women. The PrEP Initiative Program (PIP) is a novel public-private partnership implemented at 12 local clinics in North Carolina. PIP provides HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and clinical and laboratory monitoring for PrEP to uninsured/underinsured clients.

PrEP awareness, willingness, and likelihood to use future HIV prevention methods among undergraduate college students in an ending the HIV epidemic jurisdiction.

Objective: Identify factors associated with PrEP awareness, willingness, and future prevention modalities among undergraduate college students.

Participants: Undergraduates ( = 701) were recruited from a private university, a public research university, and a private historically Black college and university for an online survey.

Methods: Upon multiple imputations, a multivariate logistic model, a multivariate multinomial model, and independent multivariate ordinal logistic models were used to calculate Rubin's rules-pooled adjusted odds ratios for PrEP awareness, willingness, and future HIV prevention methods.

An eosinophil peroxidase activity assay accurately predicts eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: A definitive diagnosis of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) requires invasive surgical tissue sampling and histologic enumeration of intact eosinophils. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) is an accurate biomarker of sinonasal tissue eosinophilia in CRS regardless of polyp status. A less invasive and rapid method that accurately identifies tissue eosinophilia would be of great benefit to patients.

Distinguishing Gastrointestinal Leiomyomas From Muscularis Propria in Biopsy Specimens by Differential Expression of S100 Immunohistochemical Stain.

Objectives: Interpreting small biopsy specimens or fine-needle aspirations of gastrointestinal tract (GI) smooth muscle lesions may be challenging when the differential diagnosis includes leiomyoma vs muscularis propria (MP). We evaluated the utility of S100 staining in distinguishing GI leiomyomas from MP.

Methods: A search was conducted in our laboratory information system for cases of leiomyomas arising within the GI tract (2004-2021).

The TOG protein Stu2 is regulated by acetylation.

Stu2 in S. cerevisiae is a member of the XMAP215/Dis1/CKAP5/ch-TOG family of MAPs and has multiple functions in controlling microtubules, including microtubule polymerization, microtubule depolymerization, linking chromosomes to the kinetochore, and assembly of γ-TuSCs at the SPB. Whereas phosphorylation has been shown to be critical for Stu2 localization at the kinetochore, other regulatory mechanisms that control Stu2 function are still poorly understood.

Safety and Feasibility of Photodynamic Therapy for Ablation of Peripheral Lung Tumors.

Background: Newer navigational bronchoscopy technologies render peripheral lung lesions accessible for biopsy and potential treatment. We investigated whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) delivered via navigational bronchoscopy is feasible and safe for ablation of peripheral lung tumors.

Methods: Two studies evaluated PDT in patients with solid peripheral lung tumors followed by clinical follow-up (nonresection study, N=5) or lobectomy (resection study, N=10).

Using American Type Culture Collection Cell Lines to Evaluate Interlaboratory Variables for Estrogen Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Immunostaining.

Context.—: Most laboratories currently use patient tissues for validating immunohistochemical stains.

Objective.

Mutation based approaches to the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer.

Objective: The treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has continued to rapidly evolve over time. Increased utilization of novel, personalized therapies based upon the tumour's somatic mutation status has recently been integrated. The aim of this case series is to describe a series of patients that underwent rapid genomic testing upon their diagnosis of ATC, allowing for the early integration of novel therapies.

Mechanistic studies on the adverse effects of manganese overexposure in differentiated LUHMES cells.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, but overexposure is associated with toxicity and neurological dysfunction. Accumulation of Mn can be observed in dopamine-rich regions of the brain in vivo and Mn-induced oxidative stress has been discussed extensively. Nevertheless, Mn-induced DNA damage, adverse effects of DNA repair, and possible resulting consequences for the neurite network are not yet characterized.

Performance of specific morphologic features in distinguishing low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in borderline cases: a College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee multiobserver study.

Introduction: Distinguishing between low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) can be difficult on certain Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, hindering interobserver concordance. We investigated the variables influencing the interpretation of LSIL versus HSIL in Pap test slides rejected from the College of American Pathologists PAP education program.

Materials And Methods: Eleven cytologists, who were unaware of the reference interpretation, examined 21 Pap slides (11 submitted as LSIL and 10 as HSIL) rejected from the PAP education program and recorded the number of LSIL cells, HSIL cells, keratinized dysplastic cells, LSIL clusters with mixed HSIL cells, atypical squamous metaplasia, atypical glandular cells, the presence of inflammation or infectious organisms, and the overall interpretation (LSIL or HSIL).

Rapid On Site Evaluation (ROSE): A Pathologists' Perspective.

Rapid on site evaluation (ROSE) has been recognized as a safeguard to help ensure adequate aspirate or biopsy sample is present for diagnostic evaluation. The method involves having a pathologist (generally a cytopathologist) on site during specimen collection to allow for feedback for the performing proceduralist. ROSE can allow for appropriate ancillary tests to be collected at the time of biopsy (eg, flow cytometry or cultures), fewer passes in the event of adequate lesional representation on initial pass(es), or adjusting the biopsy target.

Communicating Certainty in Pathology Reports.

Context.—: Pathology reports are the main modality in which results are communicated to other physicians. For various reasons, the diagnosis may be qualified on a spectrum of uncertainty.

A fast and reliable method for monitoring genomic instability in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans.

The identification of genotoxic agents and their potential for genotoxic alterations in an organism is crucial for risk assessment and approval procedures of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Classically, testing strategies for DNA or chromosomal damage focus on in vitro and in vivo (mainly rodent) investigations. In cell culture systems, the alkaline unwinding (AU) assay is one of the well-established methods for detecting the percentage of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).

Therapeutic assessment of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in reducing periprosthetic joint infection.

Despite many preventive measures, including prophylactic antibiotics, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a devastating complication following arthroplasty, leading to pain, suffering, morbidity and substantial economic burden. Humans have a powerful innate immune system that can effectively control infections, if alerted quickly. Unfortunately, pathogens use many mechanisms to dampen innate immune responses.

Non-invasive Fungal Sinusitis as a Complication of a Steroid-Eluting Stent Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Case Report.

Objective: Steroid eluting stents have proven to be a highly useful adjunctive therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and play an important role in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases of the sinuses. Few reports of adverse events were reported in clinical trials and are described in the literature. However, we describe the first known case of an immunocompetent patient developing non-invasive fungal tissue infection as a sequelae of stent-related tissue necrosis requiring surgical debridement.