Enhanced recovery after surgery: Progress in adapted pathways for implementation in standard and emerging surgical settings.

The concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been practiced for decades and has been implemented in numerous surgical specialties. ERAS is a global surgical quality improvement initiative, and it is an element in the field of perioperative care. ERAS had shown significant clinical outcomes, patient-reported satisfaction, and improvements in medical service cost.

Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer and neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Identification, prognosis and survival, genetic and epigenetic factors.

Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) shows an aggressive behavior compared to prostate cancer (PCa), also known as prostate adenocarcinoma. Scanty foci in PCa can harbor genetic alternation that can arise in a heterogeneity of prostate cancer. NEPC may arise or develop following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Erdafitinib and checkpoint inhibitors for first-line and second-line immunotherapy of hepatic, gastrointestinal, and urinary bladder carcinomas: Recent concept.

Cancer immunotherapy is administered for first-line, second-line, neoadjuvant, or adjuvant treatment of advanced, metastatic, and recurrent cancer in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, and other solid tumors. Erdafitinib is a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, and it is an adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitor of FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that block programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand that exert intrinsic antitumor mechanisms.

Is bladder outlet obstruction rat model to induce overactive bladder (OAB) has similarity to human OAB? Research on the events in smooth muscle, collagen, interstitial cell and telocyte distribution.

Background: Cellular and cytoskeletal events of overactive bladder (OAB) have not been sufficiently explored in human bladder due to different limitations. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) had been induced in different animal models with different methods to induce (OAB). Similarity of the animal models of BOO to the human OAB is postulated but has not been confirmed.

Concerns about stone free rate and procedure events of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for 2-4 cm kidney stones by standard-PCNL vs mini-PCNL- comparative randomised study.

Background: To compare the efficacy and safety of standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with mini- PCNL for kidney stones 2-4 cm.

Methods: Eighty patients were enrolled in a comparative study, they were randomly divided into mini-PCNL group (n = 40) and standard-PCNL (n = 40). Demographic characteristics, perioperative events, complications, stone free rate (SFR) were reported.

Telocytes and ezrin expression in normal-appearing tissues adjacent to urothelial bladder carcinoma as predictors of invasiveness and recurrence.

Recurrence and progression rates vary widely among different histological subtypes of bladder cancer (BC). Normal-appearing mucosa in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer in cystoscopy and histopathology is a factor in staging and treatment. Telocytes (TCs) are spindle-shaped cells that connect with other cell types allowing communication though cytoskeletal signaling.

Congenital primary obstructed megaureter presenting as inguinal hernia in an infant.

A 4-month-old boy presented with left inguinal swelling, and the examination was notable for an inguinal hernia; ultrasonography and CT revealed that the hernia content was hugely dilated ureter of ureteral-inguinal hernia caused by primary obstructed megaureter. Imaging of pediatric inguinal hernia elucidates contents, etiology, and guide for proper surgery.

Lower urinary tract dysfunction in pediatrics progress to kidney disease in adolescents: Toward precision medicine in treatment.

Newborn infants who had neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) have a normal upper urinary tract at birth. Most of them will develop deterioration of renal function and chronic kidney disease if they do not receive proper management. Children with NBD can develop renal damage at adolescence or earlier, which is due to high detrusor pressures resulted from poor compliance of the bladder, detrusor overactivity against a closed sphincter or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia.

Repair of distal hypospadias by construction of neourethra from augmented urethral plate with two lateral strips of glans skin and coverage with dartos flap followed by skin closure with preputial flap: single center series.

Introduction: Hypospadias is one of the most common anomalies in boys. Many surgical techniques for reconstruction of distal hypospadias have been described, each method having a different success rate. Our objective in this study is the assessment of the surgical technique for repair of distal hypospadias by construction of a neourethra from the augmented urethral plate with two lateral strips of glanular skin, coverage with a dartos flap, and followed by skin closure with preputial skin flap.

Telocyte and Cajal cell distribution in renal pelvis, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), and proximal ureter in normal upper urinary tract and UPJ obstruction: reappraisal of the aetiology of UPJ obstruction.

Background: Telocytes and Cajal cells have been described in human urinary tract and reproductive system in women and men. Telocytes and Cajal cells have been differentiated from other interstitial cells and were described to be an element in smooth muscle conductivity. Previous studies examined the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) segment in patients with UPJ obstruction (UPJO) and attributed the aetiology of UPJO to the low density or absence Cajal cells and telocytes.

Genital-Sparing Cystectomy versus Standard Urethral-Sparing Cystectomy Followed with Orthotopic Neobladder in Women with Bladder Cancer: Incidence and Causes of Hypercontinence with an Ultrastructure Study of Urethral Smooth Muscles.

Background: Bladder cancer in women is an indication for radical cystectomy (RC) when the tumour is confined muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) of T2 N0M0, or high risk progressive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Radical cystectomy is either genital-sparing cystectomy (GSC) or standard urethra-sparing cystectomy (USC) that is followed with orthotopic ileal neobladder (ONB). Post-operative chronic retention "Hypercontinence" had been reported in different series following URS or GSC and ONB.

Upregulation of Twist2 in Non-Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder Correlate with Response to Treatment and Progression.

Background: Twist2 is a transcription factor and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that plays an important role in cell polarity, cell adhesion, and has a role in tumour invasion and metastases.

Aim: In this study, we examined the expression of Twist2 in non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) and correlated the expression with response to treatment and tumour progression.

Methods: Data of 305 patients with NMIBC of Ta, T1 were retrieved from hospitals archives.

TWIST2 EXPRESSIONS IN PATIENTS WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER SHOWED DOWN REGULATION CORRELATED WITH GOOD SURVIVAL AND LOW INCIDENCE OF DISTANT METASTASIS.

This study evaluated the association between expression of Twist2 monogenic, with pathological features and clinical outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCUB) following radical cystectomy (RC). Immunohistochemical staining Twist2 was performed on tissue archival samples comprising normal urothelium from ten controls, cystectomy specimens from 87, patients with T2 NO MO and T3-4a NO MO of bladder squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).all patients with T2-4 SCC undergone radical cystectomy and urinary diversion, follow up was for 5-10 years to assess overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS).

AMBULANT FLEXIBLE CYSTOSCOPY FOR FOLLOW-UP OF Ta-TI UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER: PAIN PERCEPTION AND COST EFFECTIVE.

Ambulant flexible cystoscopy is the standard procedure in the urological practice for follow-up of Ta-T1 urothelial carcinoma (UC) due to its ability to survey the bladder for a variety of indications. It is the principal means of diagnosis and surveillance of bladder tumors. The follow-up of patients treated for Ta-T1 UC is of great importance because of the high incidence of recurrence and progression of the disease, whereby patients with Ta-T1 UC undergo cystoscopy every three months.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VERSUS PLAIN RADIOGRAM IN EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL STONES AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY OR PYELONEPHROLITHOTOMY FOR COMPLEX MULTIPLE AND BRANCHED KIDNEY STONES.

This study compared the efficacy of computed tomography of the urinary tract (CT urography) versus plain X-ray of the urinary tract (KUB) in detection and evaluation of the significance of residual stone after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) or surgical pyelonephrolithotomy (SPNL) for complex branching or multiple stones in the kidney. A retrospective prospective archival cohort of 168 patients underwent PCNL or SPNL for large stag horn or multiple stones in the kidney were evaluated, they were 113 patients who underwent SPNL, and 55 patients underwent PCNL. In all patients they had KUB second day of the operation, those who had multiple kidney punctures in the PCNL procedure for multiple stones, or multiple nephrotomies in the SPNL procedure, or had a radiolucent stones had an additional imaging with CT urography.

Detour technique, Dipping technique, or Ileal bladder flap technique for surgical correction of uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture in orthotopic ileal neobladder.

Background: Uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture (UIAS) is a urological complication after ileal neobladder, the initial management being endourological intervention. If this fails or stricture recurs, surgical intervention will be indicated.

Design And Participants: From 1994 to 2013, 129 patients were treated for UIAS after unsuccessful endourological intervention.

Survival up to 5-15 years in young women following genital sparing radical cystectomy and neobladder: oncological outcome and quality of life. Single-surgeon and single-institution experience.

Introduction: This is an observational retrospective study utilising long term patient follow-up for 15 years to determine the survival and quality of life in women (age range 20-54 years) after having been treated for carcinoma of the bladder by radical cystectomy with preservation of genital organs.

Material And Methods: The study included 13 female patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with genital sparing radical cystectomy during the period of 1995 until 2006. They had orthotopic ileal neobladder.

Superiority of fluorescent in situ hybridization over immunohistochemistry in detection of HER2 gene in carcinoma of the urinary bladder associated with and without schistosomiasis.

HER2 is an oncogene encoding a type 1 tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor and the role of HER2 in the development of numerous types of human cancer is still understood and correlates with clinical outcome, poor prognosis, it is a predictor factor for poor response to chemotherapy. HER2 overexpression is associated with reduced disease free and overall survival. Patients who have HER2 negative expression have a poor prognosis.

Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder mixed with squamous differentiation or squamous cell carcinoma in areas with schistosomiasis is showing high risk of recurrence and poor survival.

In schistosomiasis haematobium areas endemic, bladder cancer is the first cause of malignancy in men and fourth in women. The chronic schistosomiasis would lead to variant histologic patterns which manifest in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or squamous differentiation (SqD). This study evaluated the clinical outcome after radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) mixed with SCC or SqD, Comparison was done with two arms of pure UC and pure SCC, indication for RC was muscle-invasive-disease, and evaluation included recurrence, metastases, and overall survival.

Impact of density of schistosomal antigen expression in urinary bladder tissue on the stratification, cell type, and staging, and prognosis of carcinoma of the bladder in Egyptian patients.

Background: Infection with urinary schistosomiasis and its severity are oncogenic factors for developing carcinoma of the bladder, whether it is urothelial carcinoma (UC) of a transitional cell type (TCC) or non-urothelial of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In UC it is not defined whether it is schistosomal or not. This led to controversial results in expression of tumour markers, tumour prognosis, and response to therapy.

Dipping technique for ureteroileal anastomosis in orthotopic ileal neobladder: 20-year experience in 670 patients-no stenosis with preservation of the upper tract.

Objectives. Many techniques were described for ureteroileal anastomosis in orthotopic bladder substitution, ranging from nonrefluxing to refluxing techniques, all aiming at preservation of the upper tract. We describe our technique of dipping the ureter into the ileal pouch, which is simple and had no complications.