Optical chiral metamaterials: a review of the fundamentals, fabrication methods and applications.

Optical chiral metamaterials have recently attracted considerable attention because they offer new and exciting opportunities for fundamental research and practical applications. Through pragmatic designs, the chiroptical response of chiral metamaterials can be several orders of magnitude higher than that of natural chiral materials. Meanwhile, the local chiral fields can be enhanced by plasmonic resonances to drive a wide range of physical and chemical processes in both linear and nonlinear regimes.

A DNA damage response system associated with the phosphoCTD of elongating RNA polymerase II.

RNA polymerase II translocates across much of the genome and since it can be blocked by many kinds of DNA lesions, detects DNA damage proficiently; it thereby contributes to DNA repair and to normal levels of DNA damage resistance. However, the components and mechanisms that respond to polymerase blockage are largely unknown, except in the case of UV-induced damage that is corrected by nucleotide excision repair. Because elongating RNAPII carries with it numerous proteins that bind to its hyperphosphorylated CTD, we tested for effects of interfering with this binding.

Comparative genome-wide screening identifies a conserved doxorubicin repair network that is diploid specific in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) induces DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage. In order to identify conserved genes that mediate DOX resistance, we screened the Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid deletion collection and identified 376 deletion strains in which exposure to DOX was lethal or severely reduced growth fitness. This diploid screen identified 5-fold more DOX resistance genes than a comparable screen using the isogenic haploid derivative.

Comparison of various noninvasive techniques for evaluating deep venous thrombosis.

A series of noninvasive vascular tests was performed on groups of normal individuals (Group I) and on patients with chronic deep vein thrombophlebitis (Group II) to determine the relative specificity and sensitivity of the tests. Results indicate that the simpler tests, requiring a minimum of equipment and technique are as effective as certain of the more sophisticated procedures.

Thoracic outlet syndromes--application of microcirculation techniques and clinical review.

The thoracic outlet syndromes of the upper extremities consist of many disorders. The most important two are the costoclavicular syndrome (compression of neurovascular structures between the clavicle and the first rib) and the scalenus anticus syndrome (compression of these structures within the scalene triangle). Congenital abnormalities of the clavicle, congenital small thoracic outlet, high first rib, cervical ribs of all configurations, pectoralis minor and pectoralis major syndromes, and others may occur.

Computerized segmental plethysmography and laser flowmetry.

A new computerized plethysmograph allows segments of the vascular system to be examined accurately and automatically. Laser flowmetry allows blood flow measurements to be made of digital circulation for vascular abnormalities. With the 2 new instruments, large and small vessel circulations can be measured quickly and easily.

Influence of local and environmental temperatures on cutaneous circulation with use of laser Doppler flowmetry.

The purpose of this study was to determine a standard set of conditions for detecting peripheral arteriosclerosis with ischemia. One series of studies was done to determine the influence of room temperature on peripheral flow in healthy subjects and patients with peripheral vascular disease. The room temperature was varied from 30 degrees to 35 degrees C.

Clinical application of laser Doppler flowmetry for measurement of cutaneous circulation in health and disease.

The cutaneous laser Doppler device (LDF) was employed to determine its usefulness in differentiating the circulation of the feet in normal subjects from that in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. It is shown that the laser Doppler frequencies correlated well with results from venous occlusion plethysmography, which measured volume rate of flow. Thus, one can determine volume rate of flow by the simple Doppler method.

Plethysmography: history and recent advances.

A short historical note on plethysmography is given and the development of the modern computerized pneumoplethysmograph is described. The computer-aided pneumoplethysmogram (CAP), with proper programming, makes possible numerous computations that give new, useful, and rapid information about the patient. New applications of the CAP will quickly develop and the data collected will be quickly analyzed and displayed.

The noninvasive laboratory--history and future of thermography.

A brief history of thermography and recent developments in instrumentation have been reviewed. Important applications are related to thrombophlebitis, the cerebral circulation, peripheral arterial abnormalities and medical-legal situations.

The noninvasive laboratory: history and future of thermography.

A brief history of thermography and recent developments in instrumentation have been reviewed. Important applications are related to thrombophlebitis, the cerebral circulation, peripheral arterial abnormalities and medical-legal situations.

Plethysmography: history and recent advances.

A short historical development of pneumoplethysmography and its clinical usefulness has been given and the older instruments have been compared with a modern computerized pneumoplethysmograph. The computer aided plethysmogram, with proper programming, makes possible numerous computations which give new and useful information about the circulation. New applications of the CAP will quickly develop and the data collected will be only limited by the imagination.

Velocity detection of Korotkoff sounds.

High-speed oscillograms were made showing the time relationships between the ECG and arterial pressure waves detected by three microphones successively placed beneath a standard blood pressure cuff along the brachial artery. As the cuff was deflated through the systolic/diastolic range, the indicated propagation velocity of the Korotkoff waves changed from approximately 1 m/sec near systolic pressure to about 2.5 m/sec near diastolic pressure.

Pharmacologic effects of a nitrate coronary vasodilator on cardiac perfusion and function, measured semiquantitatively.

Peritrate (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), a nitrate coronary vasodilator, was capable of significantly increasing perfusion and function in ischemic heart muscle. The A2 image-processing computer with software developed by Burow was used to evaluate regional perfusion and segmental wall motion in six patients with ischemic areas in the myocardium. These image-processing techniques were satisfactory for evaluation of ischemic heart muscle.

Effect of coronary vasodilating drug on myocardial work.

The purpose of this paper is to show, by noninvasive measurements, previously undocumented effects on cardiac work of the nitrate coronary vasodilator Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (Peritrate). The chew-and-swallow 40-mg tablets of this drug were given to 10 patients of type II AHA classification. The Diastolic Time Tension Index/Systolic Time Tension Index Ratio increased significantly from 1.

Plethysmographic comparison of sublingual and intramuscular ergotamine.

The peripheral vasoconstrictive effects of ergotamine, 0.25 mg intramuscularly and 2 mg sublingually, and a sublingual placebo were compared plethysmographically in 12 normal subjects. Both forms of ergotamine induced greater reductions than placebo in venous occlusion blood flow, systolic early ejection rate, systolic midtemporal ejection rate, systolic late runoff rate before aortic valve closure, diastolic runoff rate after aortic valve closure, and maximum and secondary pulse amplitudes.

Cardiac function and hemodynamic parameters after pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Assessment by new noninvasive radionuclide technique.

The availability of a relatively small computer with programming providing multiple gated acquisition capability (MUGA) permits the measurement of ejection fraction and evaluation of ventricular wall motion without the need for invasive techniques. It is probable that the various nitrates available--nitroglycerin, PETN and isosorbide dinitrate--have somewhat different hemodynamic effects and that the radionuclide technique can assist in determining these differences and may help to predict which agents might be most appropriate in specific situations.

A systems approach to the diagnosis of venous thrombosis and insufficiency.

This systems approach to the diagnosis of venous vascular obstruction and venous insufficiency relies on use of the segmental pneumoplethysmograph. The method is a useful diagnostic tool when evaluating these diseases. The drainage test indicates deep, large venous thrombosis.

Cardiac function and hemodynamic parameters after pentaerythritol tetranitrate: assessment by a noninvasive radionuclide technique.

The availability of a relatively small computer with programming providing multiple-gated acquisition capability (MUGA) permits the measurement of ejection fraction and evaluation of ventricular wall motion without the need for invasive techniques. It is probable that the various nitrates available--nitroglycerin, PETN, and isosorbide dinitrate--have somewhat different hemodynamic effects, and that the radionuclide technique can assist in determining these differences and may help to predict which agents might be most appropriate in specific situations.

The natural course of arteriosclerosis in animals and man.

A thorough search for the natural history of arteriosclerosis involving the cerebrum, aorta, and peripheral vessels has been made. The disease's rate of progress has been studied anatomically, clinically, radiologically, and plethysmographically. We conclude that arteriosclerosis is usually associated with other diseases such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and hypertension.

Oral nitroglycerin as a prophylactic antianginal drug: clinical, physiologic, and statistical evidence of efficacy based on a three-phase experimental design.

With the use of a three-phase experimental design, the efficacy of oral nitroglycerin has been evaluated in a total of 53 patients with documented angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The study were a double-blind, randomized, and cross-over comparison of controlled-release nitroglycerin (2.6 mg.