Environmental contamination across multiple hospital departments with multidrug-resistant bacteria pose an elevated risk of healthcare-associated infections in Kenyan hospitals.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are often caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria contaminating hospital environments which can cause outbreaks as well as sporadic transmission.

Methods: This study systematically sampled and utilized standard bacteriological culture methods to determine the numbers and types of MDR Enterococcus faecalis/faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, and Escherichia coli (ESKAPEE) from high-touch environments of five Kenyan hospitals; level 6 and 5 hospitals (A, B, and C), and level 4 hospitals (D and E), in 2018. Six hundred and seventeen high-touch surfaces across six hospital departments; surgical, general, maternity, newborn, outpatient and pediatric were sampled.

Determination of and Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors and Their Association with Clinical and Demographic Factors in Kenya.

Background: Enterococci are clinically significant because of their increasing antibiotic resistance and their ability to cause severe infections due to an arsenal of virulence genes. Few studies in the developing world have examined virulence factors that may significantly impact patient outcomes. This study describes the antimicrobial resistance profiles and prevalence of five key genes , , , and in forty-four clinical and isolates in Kenya and their association with patients' demographic and clinical characteristics.

Speciation and antifungal susceptibility of isolates from diabetic foot ulcer patients in a tertiary hospital in Kenya.

Introduction: diabetic foot ulcer is the leading cause of hospital admissions, lower limb amputation and death among diabetic patients. Little information is available on fungal isolation in diabetic foot ulcer patients, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to describe Candida species infecting diabetic foot ulcers in patients receiving clinical care at Kenyatta National Hospital and assess their antifungal susceptibility profile.

Assessment of independent comorbidities and comorbidity measures in predicting healthcare facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in Kenya.

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile is primarily associated with hospital-acquired diarrhoea. The disease burden is aggravated in patients with comorbidities due to increased likelihood of polypharmacy, extended hospital stays and compromised immunity. The study aimed to investigate comorbidity predictors of healthcare facility-onset C.

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Following Extensive Use of Antimicrobials in Hospitalized Patients in Kenya.

Introduction: is a neglected pathogen in many African countries as it is generally not regarded as one of the major contributors toward the diarrheal disease burden in the continent. However, several studies have suggested that infection (CDI) may be underreported in many African settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CDI in hospitalized patients, evaluate antimicrobial exposure, and detect toxin and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains.

High levels of toxigenic contamination of hospital environments: a hidden threat in hospital-acquired infections in Kenya.

Introduction: The contribution of (formerly ) to the burden of hospital-associated infections (HAIs) remains undetermined in many African countries.

Aim: This study aimed to identify a sensitive and readily adaptable detection assay and to evaluate the HAI risk in Kenya.

Methodology: Sterile swabs in neutralizing buffer were used to sample equipment or surfaces that patients and clinical staff touched frequently.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from patients in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.

Introduction: Infection due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms is a growing threat in healthcare settings. species specifically is increasingly becoming resistant to most antimicrobial agents recommended for treatment. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of species isolated from patients in Kenyatta National Hospital.

Plasmid profiling and incompatibility grouping of multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates in Nairobi, Kenya.

Objectives: Plasmids harbour antibiotic resistance genes which contribute to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. We detected the presence of plasmids in multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates from our previous study and consequently determined their incompatibility groups and possibility of conjugation transmission.

Multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Kenya.

Background: Typhoid fever remains a public health concern in developing countries especially among the poor who live in informal settlements devoid of proper sanitation and clean water supply. In addition antimicrobial resistance poses a major challenge in management of the disease. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S.