The Danish National Health Survey: Study design, response rate and respondent characteristics in 2010, 2013 and 2017.

This article aims to describe the study design, including descriptive statistics on changes in response rates, characteristics associated with response and response mode distribution, in the Danish National Health Survey (DNHS) in 2010, 2013 and 2017. Each survey was based on five regional stratified random samples and one national random sample drawn from the Danish Civil Registration System. The subsamples were mutually exclusive.

Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from Pigs in Organic and Conventional Farming in Four European Countries.

Organic pig production differs in many ways from conventional production of pigs, e.g., in antibiotic use, herd structure, feeding regimes, access to outdoor areas and space allowance per pig.

Reappearance of Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in Danish pig herds.

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a porcine adapted serovar which may cause serious outbreaks in pigs. Here we describe outbreaks of salmonellosis due to S. Choleraesuis in four Danish pig farms in 2012-2013 by clinic, serology, and microbiology and compare the isolates to those of a previous outbreak in 1999-2000.

Temporal relationship between decrease in antimicrobial prescription for Danish pigs and the "Yellow Card" legal intervention directed at reduction of antimicrobial use.

The potential effects of the "Yellow Card" intervention, enforced by Danish authorities in December 2010, on the antimicrobial prescription in the Danish pig production were investigated. Data on antimicrobial prescription for pigs during 2002-2012 was obtained from the national database on veterinary prescribed medicines, VetStat. Descriptive analysis of temporal trends in quantitative antimicrobial prescription for pigs on national level was performed for each administration route, age group and disease group.

A long-lasting outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium U323 associated with several pork products, Denmark, 2010.

This paper shows that control of foodborne disease outbreaks may be challenging even after establishing the source of infection. An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium U323 infections occurred in Denmark from March to September 2010, involving 172 cases. Before the detection of human cases, several positive isolates of the outbreak strain had been found in a particular pig slaughterhouse and thus early traceback, investigation and control measures were possible.

An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 2008.

In November-December 2008, Norway and Denmark independently identified outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium infections characterised in the multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) by a distinct profile. Outbreak investigations were initiated independently in the two countries. In Denmark, a total of 37 cases were identified, and multiple findings of the outbreak strain in pork and pigs within the same supply chain led to the identification of pork in various forms as the source.

Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in Denmark in 2008.

An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type U292 has been ongoing in Denmark since 1 April, with 1,054 cases registered until 23 October 2008. Extensive investigations including hypothesis-generating interviews, matched case-control studies, cohort studies in embedded outbreaks, shopping list analyses, analyses of food samples from patient's homes, trace-back analyses and extensive microbiological analysis of products have not provided clear indications of a specific source of infection but the main hypothesis is that the vehicle of the outbreak are different pork products. In addition to the large U292 outbreak, at least four other S.

Human health impact of Salmonella contamination in imported soybean products: a semiquantitative risk assessment.

The objectives of our study were to estimate the number of reported cases of human salmonellosis in Denmark that can be attributed to the occurrence of Salmonella in soy-based animal feed and to assess whether certain serotypes can be considered of less importance to human health. The assessment was based on a comparison of Salmonella serotypes isolated from feedstuffs, swine, cattle, and humans, primarily collected through the Danish Salmonella surveillance programs, supplemented with international data sources. The results are presented in three different forms: a qualitative assessment of all serotypes isolated from animal feed and/or food-producing animals based on their detection in humans; a semiquantitative ranking of serotypes by the apparent differences in their public health impact; and an estimate of the number of reported cases of human salmonellosis that can be attributed to the occurrence of Salmonella in soy-based animal feed.

Fresh chicken as main risk factor for campylobacteriosis, Denmark.

We report the findings of a case-control study of risk factors for sporadic cases of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark. In 3 different analytical models, the main domestic risk factor identified was eating fresh, unfrozen chicken. Specifically, 28 of 74 domestically acquired case-patients were exposed to fresh chicken compared with 21 of 114 controls (multivariate matched odds ratio 5.

Estimating the number of undetected multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 infected pig herds in Denmark.

In Denmark, the detection of multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 (MRDT104)-infected pig herds relies on the national Salmonella surveillance programme at the farm and slaughterhouse levels of production. With the surveillance sampling protocol and the diagnostic methods currently used, some herds might remain undetected. The number of undetected Danish pig herds infected with MRDT104 in the period 1 August 2001-31 July 2002 was estimated and compared with the number of culture-confirmed detected herds.

A European longitudinal study in Salmonella seronegative- and seropositive-classified finishing pig herds.

Surveillance and control are important aspects of food safety assurance strategies at the pre-harvest level of pork production. Prior to implementation of a Salmonella surveillance and control programme, it is important to have knowledge on the dynamics and epidemiology of Salmonella infections in pig herds. For this purpose, 17 finishing pig herds initially classified as seropositive and 15 as seronegative, were followed for a 2-year period through serological and bacteriological sampling.

The occurrence and epidemiology of Salmonella in European pig slaughterhouses.

This study was part of an international research project entitled SALINPORK (FAIR CT-950400) initiated in 1996. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella in pig slaughterhouses and to identify risk factors associated with the contamination of pig carcasses. Data was collected from 12 slaughterhouses in five European countries.

Recovery of Salmonella enterica from seropositive finishing pig herds.

The aim of this study was to assess the probability of detecting Salmonella from pen faecal samples in seropositive classified finishing pig herds. The study involved 77 herds from Denmark (20), The Netherlands (20), Greece (17) and Germany (20). The serological herd status was determined by the blood-sampling of 50 finishing pigs.

Differences and similarities among experts' opinions on Salmonella enterica dynamics in swine pre-harvest.

A workshop was conducted to elicit expert opinion on infection status and transmission of salmonella in pigs at the farm of origin, during transport and during lairage. A second objective was to compare opinions regarding risk factors for salmonella introduction and control at the farm level between experts from different countries. Thirty-six experts from 11 countries filled in a paper-and-pencil questionnaire during an international conference.

Bacteriological and serological examination and risk factor analysis of Salmonella occurrence in sow herds, including risk factors for high Salmonella seroprevalence in receiver finishing herds.

A strong association between the seroprevalence in sows and the occurrence of Salmonella Typhimurium among weaners has been shown. As shown several times for finisher herds, the risk-factors, ready mixed pelleted feed and health status also apply to sow herds. Risk factors on the sow level, for high seroprevalence in finishers have been quantified.

Effects of the antimicrobial growth promoter tylosin on subclinical infection of pigs with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium.

Objective: To determine whether feeding tylosin, an antimicrobial growth promoter, to pigs was associated with increased risk of infection with and excretion of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium.

Animals: 17 healthy pigs.

Procedure: A commercial pelleted dry feed was given in 2 feeding trials.

Clinical observations, pathology, bioassay in mice and serological response at slaughter in pigs experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

Experimental infections of a total of 47 pigs with tachyzoites of the Toxoplasma gondii RH-strain, tissue cysts of the SSI-119 and R92 strains as well as oocysts of the SSI-119 strain were performed to determine the sensitivity of an indirect IgG-ELISA, using tachyzoite lysate of the RH-strain as antigen. The infections led to a dose dependent moderate clinical affection (inappetence, fever and poor general condition). Pigs infected with 10000 oocysts or with 1/2 mouse brain containing tissue cysts of the SSI-119 strain showed a significant decrease in weight gain compared to uninoculated pigs during the first 2 weeks p.

The time course of the specific antibody response by various ELISAs in pigs experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

With the aim of developing routine serological tests for monitoring the Toxoplasma infection status of Danish swine herds, four ELISAs based on tachyzoite antigen were set up: (1) an indirect ELISA for IgG-antibody; (2) a blocking ELISA for antibody to the membrane antigen, P30; (3) an indirect ELISA for IgM; (4) a reverse, antibody-catching IgM-ELISA. Groups of pigs (number between 6 and 10) were inoculated with tachyzoites of the RH-strain, tissue cysts of two complete strains, or oocysts in two doses (10(3) and 10(4). All inoculations were tolerated well.

Biomechanics of the hip joint capsule -- a mathematical model and clinical implications.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to develop a mathematical model to calculate forces, tension and stretching in the hip joint capsule, under conditions caused by the joint effusion usually accompanying hip disease. DESIGN: A mathematical model was developed, based on experimental data from cadaver studies. BACKGROUND: Intracapsular pressure is important with respect to the degree of painless movement in the hip.

Elimination of Salmonella typhimurium infection by the strategic movement of pigs.

Three field investigations were carried out to assess the feasibility of raising salmonella-free finishers from pigs born in infected herds, by moving the pigs to clean and disinfected facilities before their expected exposure to the bacteria from the environment. Three herds with persistently high levels of subclinical infection with S typhimurium in the finishing pigs were used. They practised all-in all-out management in the nurseries and in the grower units.

Time course of the serological response to Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 in experimentally infected pigs.

A total of 25 pigs inoculated with Yersinia enterocolitica serovar O:3 and 25 un-inoculated controls were followed weekly by sampling blood and faeces for 70 days post infection (p.i.).

Intracapsular and atmospheric pressure in the dynamics and stability of the hip. A biomechanical study.

A cadaver study was undertaken to evaluate (a) the relations between the rotation around the axis of the neck of the femur, intracapsular effusion, and intracapsular pressure; and (b) the importance of the atmospheric pressure in stabilizing the hip joint. The following conclusions were reached: (1) There is no increase in intracapsular pressure within the normal range of rotation ("flexion") around the axis of the neck of the femur. (2) Intracapsular fluid (e.