Far-red light effects on plant photosynthesis: from short-term enhancements to long-term effects of artificial solar light.

Background And Aims: Long-term exposure over several days to Far-Red (FR) increases leaf expansion, while short-term exposure (minutes) may enhance the PSII operating efficiency (ϕPSII). The interaction between these responses at different time scales, and their impact on photosynthesis at whole-plant level is not well understood. Our study aimed to assess the effects of FR in an irradiance mimicking the spectrum of sunlight (referred to as artificial solar irradiance) both in the long and short-term, on whole-plant CO2 assimilation rates and in leaves at different positions in the plant.

Shining light on diurnal variation of non-photochemical quenching: Impact of gradual light intensity patterns on short-term NPQ over a day.

Maximal sunlight intensity varies diurnally due to the earth's rotation. Whether this slow diurnal pattern influences the photoprotective capacity of plants throughout the day is unknown. We investigated diurnal variation in NPQ, along with NPQ capacity, induction, and relaxation kinetics after transitions to high light, in tomato plants grown under diurnal parabolic (DP) or constant (DC) light intensity regimes.

Effect of preharvest conditions on cut-flower quality.

The cut flower industry has a global reach as flowers are often produced in countries around the equator and transported by plane or ship (reefer) mostly to the global north. Vase-life issues are often regarded as linked to only postharvest conditions while cultivation factors are just as important. Here, we review the main causes for quality reduction in cut flowers with the emphasis on the importance of preharvest conditions.

Vegetative traits can predict flowering quality in Phalaenopsis orchids despite large genotypic variation in response to light and temperature.

Phalaenopsis is an economically important horticultural ornamental, but its growth is slow and costly. The vegetative cultivation phase is long and required to ensure sufficient plant size. This is needed to develop high quality flowering plants.

Floral Induction in the Short-Day Plant Chrysanthemum Under Blue and Red Extended Long-Days.

Shorter photoperiod and lower daily light integral (DLI) limit the winter greenhouse production. Extending the photoperiod by supplemental light increases biomass production but inhibits flowering in short-day plants such as . Previously, we reported that flowering in growth-chamber grown chrysanthemum with red (R) and blue (B) LED-light could also be induced in long photoperiods by applying only blue light during the last 4h of 15h long-days.

Regulation of Early Plant Development by Red and Blue Light: A Comparative Analysis Between and .

In vertical farming, plants are grown in multi-layered growth chambers supplied with energy-efficient LEDs that produce less heat and can thus be placed in close proximity to the plants. The spectral quality control allowed by LED lighting potentially enables steering plant development toward desired phenotypes. However, this requires detailed knowledge on how light quality affects different developmental processes per plant species or even cultivar, and how well information from model plants translates to horticultural crops.

Crassulacean acid metabolism species differ in the contribution of C and C carboxylation to end of day CO fixation.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic pathway that temporally separates the nocturnal CO uptake, via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, C carboxylation), from the diurnal refixation by Rubisco (C carboxylation). At the end of the day (CAM-Phase IV), when nocturnally stored CO has depleted, stomata reopen and allow additional CO uptake, which can be fixed by Rubisco or by PEPC. This work examined the CO uptake via C and C carboxylation in phase IV in the CAM species Phalaenopsis "Sacramento" and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana "Saja.

Demonstration of a relationship between state transitions and photosynthetic efficiency in a higher plant.

A consequence of the series configuration of PSI and PSII is that imbalanced excitation of the photosystems leads to a reduction in linear electron transport and a drop in photosynthetic efficiency. Achieving balanced excitation is complicated by the distinct nature of the photosystems, which differ in composition, absorption spectra, and intrinsic efficiency, and by a spectrally variable natural environment. The existence of long- and short-term mechanisms that tune the photosynthetic apparatus and redistribute excitation energy between the photosystems highlights the importance of maintaining balanced excitation.

Effects of Continuous or End-of-Day Far-Red Light on Tomato Plant Growth, Morphology, Light Absorption, and Fruit Production.

Shading by sunlit leaves causes a low red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio that results in a low phytochrome stationary state (PSS). A low PSS induces an array of shade avoidance responses that influence plant architecture and development. It has often been suggested that this architectural response is advantageous for plant growth due to its positive effect on light interception.

Phytochrome A Protects Tomato Plants From Injuries Induced by Continuous Light.

Unlabelled: Plants perceive and transduce information about light quantity, quality, direction and photoperiod via several photoreceptors and use it to adjust their growth and development. A role for photoreceptors has been hypothesized in the injuries that tomato plants develop when exposed to continuous light as the light spectral distribution influences the injury severity. Up to now, however, only indirect clues suggested that phytochromes (PHY), red/far-red photoreceptors, are involved in the continuous-light-induced injuries in tomato.

Sucrose and Starch Content Negatively Correlates with PSII Maximum Quantum Efficiency in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Exposed to Abnormal Light/Dark Cycles and Continuous Light.

Light is most important to plants as it fuels photosynthesis and provides clues about the environment. If provided in unnatural long photoperiods, however, it can be harmful and even lethal. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), for example, develops mottled chlorosis and necrosis when exposed to continuous light.

On the induction of injury in tomato under continuous light: circadian asynchrony as the main triggering factor.

Unlike other species, when tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are deprived of at least 8h of darkness per day, they develop a potentially lethal injury. In an effort to understand why continuous light (CL) is injurious to tomato, we tested five factors, which potentially could be responsible for triggering the injury in CL-grown tomato: (i) differences in the light spectral distribution between sunlight and artificial light, (ii) continuous light signalling, (iii) continuous supply of light for photosynthesis, (iv) continuous photo-oxidative pressure and (v) circadian asynchrony - a mismatch between the internal circadian clock frequency and the external light/dark cycles.

Phenotypic plasticity to altered apical bud temperature in Cucumis sativus: more leaves-smaller leaves and vice versa.

Many studies investigated temperature effects on leaf initiation and expansion by relating these processes to air temperature or the temperature of a specific organ (e.g. leaf temperature).

A unique approach to demonstrating that apical bud temperature specifically determines leaf initiation rate in the dicot Cucumis sativus.

Leaf initiation rate is largely determined by the apical bud temperature even when apical bud temperature largely deviates from the temperature of other plant organs. We have long known that the rate of leaf initiation (LIR) is highly sensitive to temperature, but previous studies in dicots have not rigorously demonstrated that apical bud temperature controls LIR independent of other plant organs temperature. Many models assume that apical bud and leaf temperature are the same.

Continuous-light tolerance in tomato is graft-transferable.

Continuous light induces a potentially lethal injury in domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Recently, continuous-light tolerance was reported in several wild tomato species, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning tolerance/sensitivity are still elusive. Here, we investigated from which part of the plant continuous-light tolerance originates and whether this trait acts systemically within the plant.

A single locus confers tolerance to continuous light and allows substantial yield increase in tomato.

An important constraint for plant biomass production is the natural day length. Artificial light allows for longer photoperiods, but tomato plants develop a detrimental leaf injury when grown under continuous light--a still poorly understood phenomenon discovered in the 1920s. Here, we report a dominant locus on chromosome 7 of wild tomato species that confers continuous light tolerance.

Impact of light on leaf initiation: a matter of photosynthate availability in the apical bud?

Radiation substantially affects leaf initiation rate (LIR), a key variable for plant growth, by influencing the heat budget and therefore the temperature of the shoot apical meristem. The photosynthetically active component of solar radiation (photosynthetic photon flux density; PPFD) is critical for plant growth and when at shade to moderate levels may also influence LIR via limited photosynthate availability. Cucumber and tomato plants were subjected to different PPFDs (2.

Meristem temperature substantially deviates from air temperature even in moderate environments: is the magnitude of this deviation species-specific?

Meristem temperature (Tmeristem ) drives plant development but is hardly ever quantified. Instead, air temperature (Tair ) is usually used as its approximation. Meristems are enclosed within apical buds.

Photosynthetic quantum yield dynamics: from photosystems to leaves.

The mechanisms underlying the wavelength dependence of the quantum yield for CO(2) fixation (α) and its acclimation to the growth-light spectrum are quantitatively addressed, combining in vivo physiological and in vitro molecular methods. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was grown under an artificial sunlight spectrum, shade light spectrum, and blue light, and the quantum yield for photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) electron transport and α were simultaneously measured in vivo at 20 different wavelengths. The wavelength dependence of the photosystem excitation balance was calculated from both these in vivo data and in vitro from the photosystem composition and spectroscopic properties.

Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves.

Long-term effects of light quality on leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were studied in cucumber, and their joint impact on leaf photosynthesis in response to osmotic-induced water stress was assessed. Plants were grown under low intensity monochromatic red (R, 640 nm), blue (B, 420 nm) or combined red and blue (R:B, 70:30) light. K(leaf) and g(s) were much lower in leaves that developed without blue light.

Using a biochemical C4 photosynthesis model and combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to estimate bundle-sheath conductance of maize leaves differing in age and nitrogen content.

Bundle-sheath conductance (g(bs) ) affects CO(2) leakiness, and, therefore, the efficiency of the CO(2) -concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C(4) photosynthesis. Whether and how g(bs) varies with leaf age and nitrogen status is virtually unknown. We used a C(4) -photosynthesis model to estimate g(bs) , based on combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence on fully expanded leaves of three different ages of maize (Zea mays L.

Plants under continuous light.

Continuous light is an essential tool for understanding the plant circadian clock. Additionally, continuous light might increase greenhouse food production. However, using continuous light in research and practice has its challenges.

Photosynthetic acclimation in relation to nitrogen allocation in cucumber leaves in response to changes in irradiance.

Leaves deep in canopies can suddenly be exposed to increased irradiances following e.g. gap formation in forests or pruning in crops.

Caspase inhibitors affect the kinetics and dimensions of tracheary elements in xylogenic Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell cultures.

Background: The xylem vascular system is composed of fused dead, hollow cells called tracheary elements (TEs) that originate through trans-differentiation of root and shoot cambium cells. TEs undergo autolysis as they differentiate and mature. The final stage of the formation of TEs in plants is the death of the involved cells, a process showing some similarities to programmed cell death (PCD) in animal systems.