Direct functionalization of BODIPY dyes by oxidative nucleophilic hydrogen substitution at the 3- or 3,5-positions.

BODIPY dyes are shown to be susceptible to oxidative nucleophilic substitution of the alpha-hydrogens, incorporating nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles in a single, high yielding step. The reaction is an excellent alternative to conventional functionalization of this popular fluorophore.

Influence of reducing carbohydrates on (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid degradation during thermal treatments.

The mechanism and kinetics of the degradation of (6S)5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid in an aqueous solution in the presence of reducing carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose were investigated for thermal treatments. Preliminary experiments indicated that the presence of reducing carbohydrates, especially fructose (1.6 mM-1.

Mechanism and related kinetics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid degradation during combined high hydrostatic pressure-thermal treatments.

The mechanism and kinetics of the degradation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid during thermal and combined high pressure-thermal treatments in an aqueous solution were investigated. In a first approach the degradation was described by a first-order kinetic model using single-response modeling, and the combined pressure-temperature dependence of the resulting degradation rate constants was empirically described. To obtain a mechanistic insight, degradation products were purified and identified by LC-MS and NMR.