An annotated checklist of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) of Bhutan with new records.

This checklist covers each of the 73 social and solitary wasps of the family Vespidae currently known from Bhutan. Of these, 11 species in the subfamily Eumeninae, five species in Polistinae and one species in Vespinae are reported as new records for the country.

Superficial keratectomy and cryosurgery as therapy for limbal neoplasms in 13 horses.

Objective: To determine the usefulness and clinical outcome of a combined procedure of superficial keratectomy and cryosurgery as a treatment for limbal neoplasms in horses.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Thirteen horses with 14 limbal tumors.

Modulation of the cytokine responses in equine macrophages following TACE-inhibition.

The detrimental effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha during equine acute abdominal disease are well known. Its pivotal role in many human diseases has led to various in-depth studies regarding its release mechanism, in particular by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). In this study we investigated the inhibitory effect of a TACE-inhibitor on cytokine release (TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha and IL-6) in three different cell models, including U937 cells, a recently established equine macrophage cell line, known as eCAS, and primary equine PBMC.