Compliance with eye and foot preventive care in people with self-reported diabetes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Pooled, cross-sectional analysis of nine national surveys.

Aims: To estimate the proportion of people with self-reported diabetes receiving eye and foot examinations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in nine countries. Adults aged 25-64 years with self-reported diabetes.

Vulnerable newborn phenotypes in Peru: a population-based study of 3,841,531 births at national and subnational levels from 2012 to 2021.

Background: We aimed to examine the national and subnational prevalence of vulnerable newborn phenotypes in Peru, 2012-2021.

Methods: Newborn phenotypes were defined using gestational age (preterm [PT], term [T]), birthweight for gestational age using INTERGROWTH-21st standards (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or large for gestational age [LGA]), and birthweight (low birthweight [LBW], non-LBW) using the Peruvian National Birth Registry as six (by excluding birthweight) and ten newborn phenotypes (using all three outcomes). Small phenotypes (with at least one classification of PT, SGA, or LBW) were further considered.

Number of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in 2035 and 2050: A Modelling Study in 188 Countries.

Introduction: Future demographic changes will increase the number of people living with non-communicable diseases. We projected the number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2035 and 2050 at the global and country levels.

Methods: We pooled T2DM prevalence estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study and population estimates from the United Nations for 188 countries.

Cardiometabolic risk profile of young and old adults with diabetes: Pooled, cross-sectional analysis of 42 national health surveys.

Aims: To compare levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in young and old adults with diabetes.

Methods: Pooled analysis of 42 STEPS Surveys (n = 133,717). Diabetes was defined as self-reported diagnosis or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl.

Mean age and body mass index at type 2 diabetes diagnosis: Pooled analysis of 56 health surveys across income groups and world regions.

Background: Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets people aged 35+ years and those with overweight/obesity. With mounting evidence on young-onset T2DM and T2DM patients with lean phenotypes, it is worth revising the screening criteria to include younger and leaner adults. We quantified the mean age and body mass index (BMI; kg/m ) at T2DM diagnosis in 56 countries.

Sensitivity and specificity of three diabetes diagnostic criteria in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and otherwise healthy people: Analysis of NHANES III.

Aims: Establishing whether fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and HbA1c have the same diagnostic accuracy in NAFLD versus otherwise healthy people could inform T2DM screening recommendations for those with NAFLD.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1989-1994. T2DM was defined as PPG ≥ 200 mg/dL, FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥ 6.

Mean systolic blood pressure above the control threshold in people with treated uncontrolled hypertension: a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of 55 national health surveys.

Background: The hypertension care cascade has been characterized worldwide, yet it has not been quantified how far above the blood pressure control threshold people with uncontrolled treated hypertension are. We summarized the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP; mmHg) in people treated for hypertension but SBP not <130/80.

Methods: We did a cross-sectional analysis of 55 WHO STEPS Surveys (n = 10,658), comprising six world regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia and Western Pacific); we only included the most recent survey by country regardless of when it was conducted.

Process evaluation of complex interventions in non-communicable and neglected tropical diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.

Objectives: The aim of this review is to map out the use of process evaluation (PE) in complex interventions that address non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) to identify gaps in the design and conduct, as well as strengths, limitations and implications, of this type of research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Design: Scoping review of PE studies of complex interventions implemented in LMICs. Six databases were searched focused on studies published since 2008.

Phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and all-cause mortality: unsupervised machine learning analysis of NHANES III.

Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a non-communicable disease with a rising prevalence worldwide and with large burden for patients and health systems. To date, the presence of unique phenotypes in patients with NAFLD has not been studied, and their identification could inform precision medicine and public health with pragmatic implications in personalised management and care for patients with NAFLD.

Design: Cross-sectional and prospective (up to 31 December 2019) analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994).

Agreement between the laboratory-based and non-laboratory-based WHO cardiovascular risk charts: a cross-sectional analysis of a national health survey in Peru.

Objective: To determine the agreement between the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk predictions computed with the WHO non-laboratory-based model and laboratory-based model in a nationally representative sample of Peruvian adults.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a national health survey.

Methods: Absolute CVD risk was computed with the 2019 WHO laboratory-based and non-laboratory-based models.

Predicted heart age profile across 41 countries: A cross-sectional study of nationally representative surveys in six world regions.

Background: Predicted heart age (PHA) can simplify communicating the absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Few studies have characterized PHA across multiple populations, and none has described whether people with excess PHA are eligible for preventive treatment for CVD.

Methods: Pooled analysis of 41 World Health Organization (WHO) STEPS surveys conducted in 41 countries in six world regions between 2013 and 2019.

Flat trend of high caesarean section rates in Peru: A pooled analysis of 3,376,062 births from the national birth registry, 2012 to 2020.

Background: National and subnational C-section rates are seldom available in low- and middle-income countries to guide policies and interventions. We aimed to describe the C-section rates at the national and subnational levels in Peru (2012-2020).

Methods: Based on the Peruvian national birth registry, we quantified C-section rates at the national, regional and province levels; also, by natural regions (Coast, Highlands, and Amazon).

Estimating the gap between demand and supply of medical appointments by physicians for hypertension care: a pooled analysis in 191 countries.

Introduction: With a growing number of people with hypertension, the limited number of physicians could not provide treatment to all patients. We quantified the gap between medical appointments available and needed for hypertension care, overall and in relation to hypertension treatment cascade metrics.

Methods: Ecological descriptive analysis.

Simplified hypertension screening methods across 60 countries: An observational study.

Background: Simplified blood pressure (BP) screening approaches have been proposed. However, evidence is limited to a few countries and has not documented the cardiovascular risk amongst missed hypertension cases, limiting the uptake of these simplified approaches. We quantified the proportion of missed, over-diagnosed, and consistently identified hypertension cases and the 10-year cardiovascular risk in these groups.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Adults: Evidence from a National Health Survey in Peru.

High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with a high risk of non-communicable diseases. Evidence of SSB consumption is needed to inform SSB-related policies, especially in countries with a high consumption, such as Peru. Using data from Peru's National Health Survey conducted in 2017-2018, the consumption of homemade and ready-to-drink SSB was estimated from a single 24 h dietary recall, accounting for socio-demographic and health-related variables.

Mortality attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative risk assessment analysis.

Introduction: We quantified the proportion and the absolute number of deaths attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using an estimation approach.

Research Design And Methods: We combined T2DM prevalence estimates from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, relative risks between T2DM and all-cause mortality from a meta-analysis of cohorts in LAC, and death rates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We estimated population-attributable fractions (PAFs) and computed the absolute number of attributable deaths in 1990 and 2019 by multiplying the PAFs by the total deaths in each country, year, sex, and 5-year age group.

Development, validation, and application of a machine learning model to estimate salt consumption in 54 countries.

Global targets to reduce salt intake have been proposed, but their monitoring is challenged by the lack of population-based data on salt consumption. We developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict salt consumption at the population level based on simple predictors and applied this model to national surveys in 54 countries. We used 21 surveys with spot urine samples for the ML model derivation and validation; we developed a supervised ML regression model based on sex, age, weight, height, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Peru - Progress in health and sciences in 200 years of independence.

Unlabelled: Peru celebrates 200 years of independence in 2021. Over this period of independent life, and despite the turbulent socio-political scenarios, from internal armed conflict to economic crisis to political instability over the last 40 years, Peru has experienced major changes on its epidemiological and population health profile. Major advancements in maternal and child health as well as in communicable diseases have been achieved in recent decades, and today Peru faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases including mental health conditions.

National and subnational trends of birthweight in Peru: Pooled analysis of 2,927,761 births between 2012 and 2019 from the national birth registry.

Background: National and subnational characterization of birthweight profiles lacks in low- and middle-income countries, yet these are needed for monitoring the progress of national and global nutritional targets. We aimed to describe birthweight indicators at the national and subnational levels in Peru (2012-2019), and by selected correlates.

Methods: We studied mean birthweight (g), low birthweight (<2,500 g) and small for gestational age (according to international growth curves) prevalences.

Mean blood pressure according to the hypertension care cascade: Analysis of six national health surveys in Peru.

Background: While we have good evidence about the hypertension care cascade, we do not know the mean blood pressure (BP) in these groups. We described the mean BP in four groups based on the hypertension care cascade at the national and sub-national levels in Peru.

Methods: Descriptive analysis of six national health surveys.

Risk-based antihypertensive treatment allocation in Peru: comparison of local and international guidelines analysing national health surveys between 2015-2020.

Background: While there is a growing interest in antihypertensive medication rates among people with hypertension in low- and middle-income countries, little has been described about antihypertensive medication rates among eligible people based on the absolute cardiovascular risk approach. Following the risk-based approach, we described the proportion of eligible people receiving antihypertensive medication in Peru.

Methods: Analysis of six (2015-2020) national health surveys.

Who is getting screened for diabetes according to body mass index and waist circumference categories in Peru? a pooled analysis of national surveys between 2015 and 2019.

Background: At the population level we would expect that people with obesity undergo diabetes screening tests more often than people with overweight and much more often than people with normal weight. We described the trends of diabetes screening according to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in Peru.

Methods: Pooled analysis of health national surveys (2015-2019); men and women aged 35-70 years.