Comparison of the lethal triad and the lethal diamond in severe trauma patients: a multicenter cohort.

Background: To reduce the number of deaths caused by exsanguination, the initial management of severe trauma aims to prevent, if not limit, the lethal triad, which consists of acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypothermia. Recently, several studies have suggested adding hypocalcemia to the lethal triad to form the lethal diamond, but the evidence supporting this change is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the lethal triad and lethal diamond for their respective associations with 24-h mortality in severe trauma patients receiving transfusion.

Insulin resistance before type 2 diabetes onset is associated with increased risk of albuminuria after diabetes onset: A prospective cohort study.

Aim: Reduced renal insulin signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of albuminuria. We sought to investigate whether insulin action and secretion, measured before diabetes onset, are associated with the development of albuminuria after diabetes onset.

Materials And Methods: Baseline body composition, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp at submaximal and maximal insulin stimulation (240 and 2400 pmol/m/min; M-low and M-high), and insulin secretion by intravenous glucose tolerance test [acute insulin response (AIR)] were measured in 170 Southwestern Indigenous American adults who subsequently developed diabetes.

Reproductive phenologies of phyllostomid bat populations and ensembles from lowland Amazonia.

Natural selection should favor individuals that synchronize energy-demanding aspects of reproductive activity with periods of high resource abundance and predictability, leading to seasonal patterns of reproduction at the population level. Nonetheless, few studies-especially those on bats in the Neotropics-have used rigorous quantitative criteria to distinguish among phenological patterns for different populations from the same habitat or for the same species in different habitats. To explore such issues, we quantified annual patterns of reproduction in male and in female bats from lowland Amazonia (environs of Iquitos, Peru), and did so at the level of populations and ensembles.

Long-term spatiotemporal variation in density of a tropical folivore: responses to a complex disturbance regime.

The Anthropocene is a time of unprecedented and accelerating rates of environmental change that includes press (e.g., climate change) and pulse disturbances (e.

From island biogeography to landscape and metacommunity ecology: A macroecological perspective of bat communities.

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography and its quantitative consideration of origination and extinction dynamics as they relate to island area and distance from source populations have evolved over time and enriched theory related to many disciplines in spatial ecology. Indeed, the island focus was catalytic to the emergence of landscape ecology and macroecology in the late 20th century. We integrate concepts and perspectives of island biogeography, landscape ecology, macroecology, and metacommunity ecology, and show how these disciplines have advanced the understanding of variation in abundance, biodiversity, and composition of bat communities.

Effects of Host Species Identity and Diet on the Biodiversity of the Microbiota in Puerto Rican Bats.

Microbiota perform vital functions for their mammalian hosts, making them potential drivers of host evolution. Understanding effects of environmental factors and host characteristics on the composition and biodiversity of the microbiota may provide novel insights into the origin and maintenance of these symbiotic relationships. Our goals were to (1) characterize biodiversity of oral and rectal microbiota in bats from Puerto Rico; and (2) determine the effects of geographic location and host characteristics on that biodiversity.

A canonical metacommunity structure over 3 decades: ecologically consistent but spatially dynamic patterns in a hurricane-prone montane forest.

The Anthropocene is a time of rapid change induced by human activities, including pulse and press disturbances that affect the species composition of local communities and connectivity among them, giving rise to spatiotemporal dynamics at multiple scales. We evaluate effects of global warming and repeated intense hurricanes on gastropod metacommunities in montane tropical rainforests of Puerto Rico for each of 28 consecutive years. Specifically, we quantified metacommunity structure each year; assessed effects of global warming, hurricane-induced disturbance, and secondary succession on interannual variation in metacommunity structure; and evaluated legacies of previous land use on metacommunity structure.

Learning to Play the Chess Variant Crazyhouse Above World Champion Level With Deep Neural Networks and Human Data.

Deep neural networks have been successfully applied in learning the board games Go, chess, and shogi without prior knowledge by making use of reinforcement learning. Although starting from zero knowledge has been shown to yield impressive results, it is associated with high computationally costs especially for complex games. With this paper, we present which is a neural network based engine solely trained in supervised manner for the chess variant crazyhouse.

Arthropods are not declining but are responsive to disturbance in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico.

A number of recent studies have documented long-term declines in abundances of important arthropod groups, primarily in Europe and North America. These declines are generally attributed to habitat loss, but a recent study [B.C.

Functional volumes, niche packing and species richness: biogeographic legacies in the Congo Basin.

Understanding the determinants of species coexistence in complex and species-rich communities is a fundamental goal of ecology. Patterns of species coexistence depend on how biotic interactions and environmental filtering act over ecological and evolutionary time scales. Climatic fluctuations in lowland rainforests of the Congo Basin led to the number of vertebrate species being significantly lower in central compared with northern ecoregions of the Basin.

Overcoming the barrier of CD8T cells: Two types of nano-sized carriers for siRNA transport.

Bioengineering immune cells via gene therapy offers treatment opportunities for currently fatal viral infections. Also cell therapeutics offer most recently a breakthrough technology to combat cancer. These primary human cells, however, are sensitive to toxic influences, which make the utilization of optimized physical transfection techniques necessary.

Phylogenetic supertree and functional trait database for all extant parrots.

We present a complete dataset from the literature on functional traits including morphological measurements, dietary information, foraging strategy, and foraging location for all 398 extant species of parrots. The morphological measurements include: mass, total length, wing chord, culmen length, tarsus length, and tail length. The diet data describe whether each species is known to consume particular food items (e.

Checkerboard metacommunity structure: an incoherent concept.

Checkerboards have emerged as a metaphor to (1) describe mutually exclusive patterns of co-occurrence for ecologically similar species that are geographically interspersed (i.e., checkerboard distributions), and (2) characterize relationships among species distributions along gradients that involve entire metacommunities (i.

Standardization of the duty shift in a General Adult Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: To standardize the duty shift in a General Adult Intensive Care Unit.

Method: Multi-method research, which used action research, descriptive study and content validation. Participants included 11 care nurses and 4 intensive care nurses.

Guild-level responses of bats to habitat conversion in a lowland Amazonian rainforest: species composition and biodiversity.

Landscape modification represents one of the most severe threats to biodiversity from local to global scales. Conversion of forest to agricultural production generally results in patches of habitat that subdivide or isolate populations, alter the behavior of species, modify interspecific interactions, reduce biodiversity, and compromise ecosystem processes. Moreover, conversion may increase exposure of humans to zoonoses to which they would otherwise rarely be exposed.

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene.

Motivation: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series.

Reconciling biodiversity and carbon stock conservation in an Afrotropical forest landscape.

Protecting aboveground carbon stocks in tropical forests is essential for mitigating global climate change and is assumed to simultaneously conserve biodiversity. Although the relationship between tree diversity and carbon stocks is generally positive, the relationship remains unclear for consumers or decomposers. We assessed this relationship for multiple trophic levels across the tree of life (10 organismal groups, 3 kingdoms) in lowland rainforests of the Congo Basin.

Educational intervention assessment aiming the hearing preservation of workers at a hospital laundry.

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions on hearing health developed at a hospital laundry.

Methods: Quantitative assessment conducted at a hospital laundry. The study sample comprised 80 workers of both genders divided into two groups: Study Group (SG) and Control Group (CG).

Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates.

Forest edges influence more than half of the world's forests and contribute to worldwide declines in biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, predicting these declines is challenging in heterogeneous fragmented landscapes. Here we assembled a global dataset on species responses to fragmentation and developed a statistical approach for quantifying edge impacts in heterogeneous landscapes to quantify edge-determined changes in abundance of 1,673 vertebrate species.

The components of biodiversity, with a particular focus on phylogenetic information.

We present a framework for biodiversity metrics that organizes the growing panoply of metrics. Our framework distinguishes metrics based on the type of information-abundance, phylogeny, function-and two common properties-magnitude and variability. Our new metrics of phylogenetic diversity are based on a partition of the total branch lengths of a cladogram into the proportional share of each species, including: a measure of divergence which standardizes the amount of evolutionary divergence by species richness and time depth of the cladogram; a measure of regularity which is maximal when the tree is perfectly symmetrical so that all species have the same proportional branch lengths; a measure that combines information on the magnitude and variability of abundance with phylogenetic variability, and a measure of phylogenetically weighted effective mean abundance; and indicate how those metrics can be decomposed into α and β components.