Producing and scrounging can have stabilizing effects at multiple levels of organization.

This study shows, for the first time, that the evolution of a simple behavior, scrounging, at the individual level can have effects on populations, food chains, and community structure. In particular, the addition of scrounging in consumer populations can allow multiple consumers to coexist while exploiting a single prey. Also, scrounging in the top predator of a tritrophic food chain can stabilize interactions between the top predator, its prey, and its prey's prey.

A Review of the Internal and External Physiological Demands Associated With Batting in Cricket.

Cricket is a popular international team sport with various game formats ranging from long-duration multiday tests to short-duration Twenty20 game play. The role of batsmen is critical to all game formats, with differing physiological demands imposed during each format. Investigation of the physiological demands imposed during cricket batting has historically been neglected, with much of the research focusing on bowling responses and batting technique.

Accuracy and reliability of GPS devices for measurement of sports-specific movement patterns related to cricket, tennis, and field-based team sports.

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of 5, 10, and 15 Hz global positioning system (GPS) devices. Two male subjects (mean ± SD; age, 25.5 ± 0.

The influence of field size, player number and rule changes on the physiological responses and movement demands of small-sided games for cricket training.

This study investigated the physiological responses and movement demands associated with modified versions of small-sided games for cricket training, termed 'Battlezone'. Eleven (22.2 ± 3.

Battlezone: An examination of the physiological responses, movement demands and reproducibility of small-sided cricket games.

As cricket training typically involves separate skill and conditioning sessions, this study reported on the movement demands, physiological responses and reproducibility of the demands of small-sided cricket games. Thirteen amateur, male cricket players (age: 22.8 ± 3.

Kinematics of the typical beach flags start for young adult sprinters.

This study profiled beach flags start kinematics for experienced young adult sprinters. Five males and three females (age = 20.8 ± 2.

Testing mechanisms of coexistence among two species of frugivorous primates.

1. We examined mechanisms of coexistence between two congeneric species of frugivorous primates, the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) and the red-tailed monkey (C. ascanius).

Can helminth community patterns be amplified when transferred by predation from intermediate to definitive hosts?

Helminth communities in definitive hosts are formed by the acquisition of packets of larvae arriving each time an intermediate host is consumed. It is thus possible that associations between parasite species or other aspects of community structure get transferred from intermediate to definitive hosts. Earlier computer simulations showed that associations between 2 parasite species, in particular positive associations, could be transferred up the food chain.

Testing for density-dependent effects in sequential censuses.

In response to Gaston and Lawton (1987), we evaluated the ability of four statistical procedures to detect density dependence. We used data from the same 16 populations as Gaston and Lawton (1987). In each population, density dependence had been previously established with techniques that use more extensive data.

An evaluation of bias in k-factor analysis.

Randomization and simulation are used to detect bias in k-factor analysis. In nine previously published data sets there is strong evidence of bias. This may result from either non-independence of observations or the arithmetic relationship used to estimate k-factors, which can generate "spurious correlations".