Current Management Strategies of Hydrocephalus in the Child With Open Spina Bifida.

Symptomatic hydrocephalus is a common condition associated with myelomeningocele (open spina bifida). Traditionally, hydrocephalus was treated with insertion of a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. This has been the standard of treatment since the introduction of the Holter shunt valve for the VP shunt in the late 1950s.

Nailfold Capillary Abnormalities in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Multisite Study.

Purpose: There is considerable evidence for systemic vascular dysfunction in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We performed nailfold capillary video microscopy to observe directly the nature of nonocular microvasculature abnormalities in POAG.

Methods: We enrolled 199 POAG patients and 124 control subjects from four sites.

ABCB1 transporter and Toll-like receptor 4 in trabecular meshwork cells.

Purpose: The aqueous humor nourishes the avascular tissues of the anterior segment, and the trabecular meshwork (TM) plays a role in the efflux of endogenous substances and xenobiotics from the aqueous humor. ATP (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily members respond to stressors such as hypoxia, cytokine signaling, and aging. The innate immune system within the TM, particularly Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its ligands, e.

Amniotic fluid and serum biomarkers from women with neural tube defect-affected pregnancies: a case study for myelomeningocele and anencephaly: clinical article.

Object: The authors sought to identify novel biomarkers for early detection of neural tube defects (NTDs) in human fetuses.

Methods: Amniotic fluid and serum were drawn from women in the second trimester of pregnancy. The study group included 2 women pregnant with normal fetuses and 4 with fetuses displaying myelomeningocele (n = 1), anencephaly (n = 1), holoprosencephaly (n = 1), or encephalocele (n = 1).