Refrigeration reduces instillation discomfort of a 0.09% cyclosporine A solution.

Significance: Topical cyclosporine A (CsA) for the treatment of dry eye disease is often associated with instillation discomfort, which may negatively influence patient adherence to therapy. This study found that refrigerating topical CsA reduced instillation discomfort compared with instillation of warm CsA. Thus, refrigerating CsA prior to instillation may improve patient experience when using CsA to manage dry eye disease.

Validation and repeatability assessment of the Chinese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 5-item dry eye (DEQ-5), and contact lens dry eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) questionnaires.

Purpose: This prospective study aimed to validate the translated Chinese versions of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 5-Item Dry Eye (DEQ-5), and Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) questionnaires and test their repeatability.

Methods: From August 2022 to July 2023, online (qualtrics.com) English and Chinese versions of OSDI, DEQ-5, and CLDEQ-8 questionnaires were distributed to residents of Hong Kong, mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore ≥ 18 years old who could understand both written Chinese and English.

LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease: A Cochrane systematic review summary.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of LipiFlow for treating signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) in adults.

Methods: The following databases were searched for randomized trials: CENTRAL, MEDLINE Ovid, Embase.com, PubMed, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.

Ocular surface parameters repeatability and agreement -A comparison between Keratograph 5M and IDRA.

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability and agreement in dry eye measurements using Oculus Keratograph 5M (K5M) and SBM Sistemi IDRA (IDRA).

Methods: A total of 108 participants were enrolled and 108 eyes were evaluated. Tear meniscus height (TMH) and first and average non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) were measured using the K5M and IDRA (order randomly assigned).

A cross-sectional study of optometrists' attitudes towards dry eye disease management in Hong Kong: A web-based survey in Hong Kong.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the practices of optometrists in Hong Kong towards diagnosing and managing dry eye disease (DED).

Methods: From September 2021 to March 2022, an online questionnaire was distributed to optometrists in Hong Kong through several professional associations. The questionnaire included questions about the importance and usefulness of various diagnostic tests, as well as inquiries about management strategies and recommended follow-up schedules for DED.

LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease.

Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the most common underlying cause of dry eye disease (DED). MGD leads to pathological alteration of the composition or quantity of meibum, or both, which subsequently results in tear evaporation and the typical signs and symptoms associated with DED. The LipiFlow Thermal Pulsation System (LipiFlow) is a medical device used to treat MGD in office; however, it is unclear if LipiFlow can outperform other DED treatments.

TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface.

Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma.

In Silico and In Vitro Approach for Validating the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Quercetin.

Purpose: To validate the mechanism and inhibitory activity of quercetin against matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) using a hybrid in silico and in vitro approach.

Methods: The structure of MMP-9 was obtained from the Protein Data Bank, and the active site was identified using previous annotations from the Universal Protein Resource. The structure of quercetin was obtained from ZINC15.

Temporal Change in Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression from Immortalized Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Hyperosmotic Stress.

Purpose: To determine the metabolic activity, and cytokine expression over time from immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress.

Methods: HCECs were cultured and expanded in DMEM/F-12 with 10% FBS. The cells were exposed to either normal media (295 mmol/kg) or hyperosmolar media (500 mmol/kg) for 0.

Eyelid Warming Devices: Safety, Efficacy, and Place in Therapy.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is characterized by the obstruction and/or inflammation of the meibomian glands that result in decreased and altered meibum secretion. This results in deficiencies in the tear film lipid layer which contributes to increased evaporation and destabilization of the tear film. One of the mainstay therapies for MGD is medical devices that apply heat and/or pressure to the eyelids and promote the liquification and outflow of meibum into the tear film.

Tear Film miRNAs and Their Association With Human Dry Eye Disease.

Purpose: miRNAs can regulate inflammatory pathways. The purpose of this work was to determine if inflammatory-related tear film miRNAs are associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) in human non-Sjögren's Syndrome dry eye disease (DED) participants.

Methods: Five DED and 5 non-DED human participants were recruited.

Short-term tolerability of commercial eyelid cleansers: A randomised crossover study.

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term tolerability of five commercially available anti-demodectic eyelid cleansers; OCuSOFT Oust Demodex (OD), I-MED I-Lid'n Lash Plus (ILL+), Labtician BlephaDex (BD), Chrissanthe Eye Cleanse (EC), and Théa Blephademodex (BDdx).

Methods: Thirty healthy non-contact lens wearers (18 female; mean ± SD age, 33 ± 12 years) were enrolled in a prospective randomised crossover study. On separate visits, spaced at least 48 h apart, participants were randomised to receive topical application of one of five eyelid cleansers or saline.

The impact of a rub and rinse regimen on removal of human coronaviruses from contemporary contact lens materials.

Purpose: To assess the influence of contemporary contact lens (CL) materials on human coronavirus attachment and the influence of a rub and rinse step to remove these viruses.

Methods: The binding rates of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 to eight soft CL materials and four rigid gas permeable materials were analyzed. The impact of a rub and rinse step to remove these viruses from all materials was examined.

Antiviral Activity of Contemporary Contact Lens Care Solutions against Two Human Seasonal Coronavirus Strains.

Background: Given that reports have suggested SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via conjunctiva, the ability of contact lens (CL) care products to reduce the infectiousness of two seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 was investigated. Methods: Biotrue and Boston Simplus (Bausch&Lomb), OPTI-FREE Puremoist and Clear Care (Alcon), and cleadew and cleadew GP (Ophtecs) were tested. Their ability to inactivate HCoV was evaluated using contact times of 4 and 6 h as well as 1% and 10% of virus inoculum.

Characterization of the thickness of the Tear Film Lipid Layer in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction using high resolution optical microscopy.

Purpose: To evaluate the thickness of the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) using a high-resolution optical microscope.

Methods: The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and meibum grade score (MGS) were used to classify 190 subjects into four groups: normal (OSDI<13 and MGS<10), mixed (OSDI≥13 and MGS<10), asymptomatic MGD (OSDI<13 and MGS≥10), and MGD (OSDI≥13 and MGS≥10). The high-resolution optical microscope was used to capture TFLL images in vivo.

A review of meibomian gland structure, function, and contact lens wear.

Purpose: To provide a balanced literature review of the studies that have evaluated the effect of contact lenses on meibomian gland (MG) health.

Methods: A PubMed.gov literature search was conducted on or before May 15, 2021.

Human meibum and tear film derived cholesteryl and wax esters in meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film structure.

Purpose: This study evaluated the presence and roles of cholesteryl esters (CEs) and wax esters (WEs) from human tear film and meibum in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

Methods: Out of 195 enrolled subjects, 164 and 179 subjects provided tear and meibum samples, respectively. Subjects were classified into normal, asymptomatic MGD, MGD, and mixed (MGD & aqueous deficient).

Effects of Temperature and Blinking on Contact Lens Dehydration of Contemporary Soft Lens Materials Using an In Vitro Blink Model.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and blinking on contact lens (CL) dehydration using an in vitro blink model.

Methods: Three silicone hydrogel (delefilcon A, senofilcon A, and comfilcon A) and two conventional hydrogel (etafilcon A and omafilcon A) CL materials were evaluated at 1 and 16 hours. The water content (WC) of the CLs was measured using a gravimetric method.

Human Meibum and Tear Film Derived (O-Acyl)-Omega-Hydroxy Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Tear Film Dynamics in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye Disease.

Purpose: To investigate the association between precorneal tear film (PCTF)- and meibum-derived (O-Acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) and PCTF thinning in meibomian gland health and dysfunction.

Methods: Of 195 eligible subjects (18-84 years, 62.6% female), 178 and 170 subjects provided both PCTF optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and mass spectrometry data for tears (n = 178) and meibum (n = 170).

Human meibum and tear film derived (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction.

Purpose: The molecular basis of the tear film and lipid layer alterations in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is unknown. This study aimed to identify and compare (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) derived from human meibum and tears in MGD.

Methods: Of 195 eligible subjects (18-84 years, 62.

Optimization of goblet cell density quantification methods.

The purpose of this study was to develop a standardized, accurate and efficient method for estimating conjunctival goblet cell density (GCD) via optimizing sample storage conditions and quantification methods. Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) membranes were collected from both eyes of 32 participants and were randomized to two storage durations (2-3 weeks, 6-7 weeks) and two storage container types (microcentrifuge tube, flat histology cassette). The CIC membranes were stained and subdivided into 25 areas (5 mm × 5 mm) for imaging and the GCs were counted under 200X magnification using three different methods: (1) full CIC membrane GC count of the 25 images with cell-counting software ("full"; reference method), (2) partial membrane GC count of 9 images with cell-counting software ("partial"), and (3) manual counting of the 25 images ("manual").

Lysozyme Deposition on Contact Lenses in an In Vitro Blink-Simulation Eye Model Versus a Static Vial Deposition Model.

Purpose: To evaluate active lysozyme deposition on daily disposable (DD) contact lenses (CL) using a novel in vitro blink model.

Methods: Three conventional hydrogel DD CL materials (etafilcon A, omafilcon A, nelfilcon A) and three silicone hydrogel DD CL materials (delefilcon A, senofilcon A, somofilcon A) were tested. The device blink rate was set to 6 blinks/min with a tear flow rate of 1 μL/min using an artificial tear solution (ATS) containing lysozyme and other typical tear film components.

Quantifying the Effect of Spectacle Frame Dimensions on Wind-Induced Ocular Plane Evaporation Using an in Vitro Model.

Purpose: To quantify the effect of spectacle frame dimensions on wind-induced ocular plane evaporation.

Methods: A drop of 0.5 μL water was pipetted onto an eye of a mannequin head.