Maximising the effect of combination HIV prevention through prioritisation of the people and places in greatest need: a modelling study.

Background: Epidemiological data show substantial variation in the risk of HIV infection between communities within African countries. We hypothesised that focusing appropriate interventions on geographies and key populations at high risk of HIV infection could improve the effect of investments in the HIV response.

Methods: With use of Kenya as a case study, we developed a mathematical model that described the spatiotemporal evolution of the HIV epidemic and that incorporated the demographic, behavioural, and programmatic differences across subnational units.

Engagement in HIV care among Kenyan adults and adolescents: results from a national population-based survey.

Background: Increasing access to care and treatment for HIV-infected persons is a goal in Kenya's response to the HIV epidemic. Using data from the second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS 2012), we describe coverage of services received among adults and adolescents who were enrolled in HIV care.

Methods: KAIS 2012 was a population-based survey that collected information from persons aged 15-64 years that included self-reported HIV status, and for persons reporting HIV infection, use of HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study.

Background: Kenya has an estimated 13,000 new infant HIV infections that occur annually. We measured the burden of HIV infection among women of childbearing age and assessed access to and coverage of key prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions.

Methods: The second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey was a nationally representative 2-stage cluster sample of households.

Populations at increased risk for HIV infection in Kenya: results from a national population-based household survey, 2012.

Background: Populations with higher risks for HIV exposure contribute to the HIV epidemic in Kenya. We present data from the second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey to estimate the size and HIV prevalence of populations with high-risk characteristics.

Methods: The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012 was a national survey of Kenyans aged 18 months to 64 years which linked demographic and behavioral information with HIV results.

Status of voluntary medical male circumcision in Kenya: findings from 2 nationally representative surveys in Kenya, 2007 and 2012.

Background: The Kenyan Ministry of Health initiated a voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) program in 2008. We used data from 2 nationally representative surveys to estimate trends in the number, demographic characteristics, and sexual behaviors of recently circumcised and uncircumcised HIV-uninfected men in Kenya.

Methods: We compared the proportion of circumcised men between the first and second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS 2007 and KAIS 2012) to assess the progress of Kenya's VMMC program.

The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012: rationale, methods, description of participants, and response rates.

Background: Cross-sectional population-based surveys are essential surveillance tools for tracking changes in HIV epidemics. In 2007, Kenya implemented the first AIDS Indicator Survey [Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS) 2007)], a nationally representative, population-based survey that collected demographic and behavioral data and blood specimens from individuals aged 15-64 years. Kenya's second AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS 2012) was conducted to monitor changes in the epidemic, evaluate HIV prevention, care, and treatment initiatives, and plan for an efficient and effective response to the HIV epidemic.

The status of HIV testing and counseling in Kenya: results from a nationally representative population-based survey.

Background: HIV testing and counseling (HTC) is essential for successful HIV prevention and treatment programs. The national target for HTC is 80% of the adult population in Kenya. Population-based data to measure progress towards this HTC target are needed to assess the country's changing needs for HIV prevention and treatment.

Kenya AIDS Indicator Surveys 2007 and 2012: implications for public health policies for HIV prevention and treatment.

AIDS Indicator Surveys are standardized surveillance tools used by countries with generalized HIV epidemics to provide, in a timely fashion, indicators for effective monitoring of HIV. Such data should guide responses to the HIV epidemic, meet program reporting requirements, and ensure comparability of findings across countries and over time. Kenya has conducted 2 AIDS Indicator Surveys, in 2007 (KAIS 2007) and 2012-2013 (KAIS 2012).

Tuberculosis and HIV at the national level in Kenya: results from the Second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey.

Background: Co-morbidity with tuberculosis and HIV is a common cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. In the second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey, we collected data on knowledge and experience of HIV and tuberculosis, as well as on access to and coverage of relevant treatment services and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kenya.

Methods: A national, population-based household survey was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013.

Estimating the size of the female sex worker population in Kenya to inform HIV prevention programming.

Background: The high burden of HIV infections among female sex workers (FSW) in sub-Saharan Africa has been long recognised, but effective preventive interventions have largely not been taken to scale. We undertook a national geographical mapping exercise in 2011/2012 to assess the locations and population size of FSW in Kenya, to facilitate targeted HIV prevention services for this population.

Methods And Findings: We used a geographical mapping approach, consisting of interviews with secondary key informants to identify "hot" spots frequented by FSW, their operational dynamics and the estimated numbers of FSW in those spots.

Using findings from a public opinion poll to build political support for tobacco control policy in Kenya.

Objective: To assess the level of public support for tobacco control policies and to discuss how these findings could be used to influence the legislative process in the passing of tobacco control law in the country.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in Kenya between March and May 2007 on a random sample of 2021 (991 men and 1030 women) respondents aged 18 years and above. Interviews were done using a structured questionnaire by a research consultancy firm with long-standing experience in public polling.

Road traffic injuries in Kenya: the health burden and risk factors in two districts.

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) contribute to a significant proportion of the burden of disease in Kenya. They also have a significant impact on the social and economic well-being of individuals, their families, and society. However, though estimates quantifying the burden of RTIs in Kenya do exist, most of these studies date back to the early 2000s-more than one decade ago.

Integrating noncommunicable disease prevention into maternal and child health programs: can it be done and what will it take?

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, these diseases have not been adequately addressed by health systems, especially in low-resource countries. Similarly, there is no equitable allocation of global resources for health commensurate with the burden of diseases occasioned by NCDs.

Management of women requesting subtotal hysterectomy.

Subtotal hysterectomy (SH), which is also referred to as supracervical hysterectomy, is a common gynaecological procedure in which the uterus is removed and the cervix is retained. There is continuing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of SH compared with total abdominal hysterectomy. Persistent vaginal bleeding and the need for continued cervical screening appear to be the main disadvantages of SH.

Vulval low-flow arteriovenous malformation.

This case report refers to a 26-year-old woman who attended a gynaecological clinic with a painful vulval swelling. She underwent surgical excision, was found to have a rare vulval low-flow arteriovenous malformation and was treated with embolisation therapy.