Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alcohols with olefins by positional tuning of a counteranion.

Transition metal-catalyzed cross-couplings have great potential to furnish complex ethers; however, challenges in the C(sp)-O functionalization step have precluded general methods. Here, we describe computationally guided transition metal-ligand design that positions a hydrogen-bond acceptor anion at the reactive site to promote functionalization. A general cross-coupling of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic alcohols with terminal olefins to furnish >130 ethers is achieved.

Damage-Induced Senescent Immune Cells Regulate Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retina.

Zebrafish spontaneously regenerate their retinas in response to damage through the action of Müller glia (MG). Even though MG are conserved in higher vertebrates, the capacity to regenerate retinal damage is lost. Recent work has focused on the regulation of inflammation during tissue regeneration, with temporal roles for macrophages and microglia.

Triple Radical Sorting: Aryl-Alkylation of Alkenes.

The cross-coupling of aryl bromides with alkenes can provide access to diverse combinatorial chemical space. Two-component couplings between these partners are well-known, but three-component aryl-functionalizations of unactivated alkenes remain underdeveloped. In particular, the aryl-alkylation of unactivated alkenes would allow for rapid construction of molecular complexity and the expedient exploration of a pharmaceutically relevant and C(sp)-rich structural landscape.

Alkene dialkylation by triple radical sorting.

The development of bimolecular homolytic substitution (S2) catalysis has expanded cross-coupling chemistries by enabling the selective combination of any primary radical with any secondary or tertiary radical through a radical sorting mechanism. Biomimetic S2 catalysis can be used to merge common feedstock chemicals-such as alcohols, acids and halides-in various permutations for the construction of a single C(sp)-C(sp) bond. The ability to sort these two distinct radicals across commercially available alkenes in a three-component manner would enable the simultaneous construction of two C(sp)-C(sp) bonds, greatly accelerating access to complex molecules and drug-like chemical space.

Expedient Access to Underexplored Chemical Space: Deoxygenative C(sp)-C(sp) Cross-Coupling.

Alcohols are commercially abundant and structurally diverse reservoirs of sp-hybridized chemical space. However, the direct utilization of alcohols in C-C bond-forming cross-couplings remains underexplored. Herein we report an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated deoxygenative alkylation of alcohols and alkyl bromides via nickel-metallaphotoredox catalysis.

Damage-induced senescent immune cells regulate regeneration of the zebrafish retina.

Zebrafish spontaneously regenerate their retina in response to damage through the action of Müller glia. Even though Müller glia (MG) are conserved in higher vertebrates, the capacity to regenerate retinal damage is lost. Recent work has focused on the regulation of inflammation during tissue regeneration with precise temporal roles for macrophages and microglia.

A genetic toolbox for metabolic engineering of Issatchenkia orientalis.

The nonconventional yeast Issatchenkia orientalis can grow under highly acidic conditions and has been explored for production of various organic acids. However, its broader application is hampered by the lack of efficient genetic tools to enable sophisticated metabolic manipulations. We recently constructed an episomal plasmid based on the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScARS) in I.

A Method for Cranial Nerve XI Silencing During Surgery of the Foramen Magnum Region: Technical Case Report.

Background And Importance: Skull base surgery involves the microdissection and intraoperative monitoring of cranial nerves, including cranial nerve XI (CN XI). Manipulation of CN XI can evoke brisk trapezius contraction, which in turn may disturb the surgical procedure and risk patient safety. Here we describe a method for temporarily silencing CN XI via direct intraoperative application of 1% lidocaine.

Levosimendan for patients with impaired left ventricular function undergoing cardiac surgery.

The efficacy of levosimendan treatment for a low cardiac output status following cardiac surgery has not been established. Here, we review our initial experiences of the perioperative use of levosimendan. This study is a retrospective uncontrolled trial.

Enterococcus faecalis tropism for the kidneys in the urinary tract of C57BL/6J mice.

Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of nosocomial infections of which urinary tract infections are the most common. These infections can be exceptionally difficult to treat because of drug resistance of many E. faecalis isolates.

Coenzyme Q10 therapy before cardiac surgery improves mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue.

Objectives: Previous clinical trials suggest that coenzyme Q(10) might afford myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. We sought to measure the effect of coenzyme Q(10) therapy on coenzyme Q(10) levels in serum, atrial trabeculae, and mitochondria; to assess the effect of coenzyme Q(10) on mitochondrial function; to test the effect of coenzyme Q(10) in protecting cardiac myocardium against a standard hypoxia-reoxygentation stress in vitro; and to determine whether coenzyme Q(10) therapy improves recovery of the heart after cardiac surgery.

Methods: Patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were randomized to receive oral coenzyme Q(10) (300 mg/d) or placebo for 2 weeks preoperatively.

Role for serine protease HtrA (DegP) of Streptococcus pyogenes in the biogenesis of virulence factors SpeB and the hemolysin streptolysin S.

The serine protease HtrA is involved in the folding and maturation of secreted proteins, as well as in the degradation of proteins that misfold during secretion. Depletion of HtrA has been shown to affect the sensitivity of many organisms to thermal and environmental stresses, as well as being essential for virulence in many pathogens. In the present study, we compared the behaviors of several different HtrA mutants of the gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus).

Modeling leaching of viruses by the Monte Carlo method.

A predictive screening model was developed for fate and transport of viruses in the unsaturated zone by applying the final value theorem of Laplace transformation to previously developed governing equations. A database of input parameters allowed Monte Carlo analysis with the model. The resulting kernel densities of predicted attenuation during percolation indicated very small, but finite probabilities of failure for all homogeneous USDA classified soils to attenuate reovirus 3 by 99.

Role of RopB in growth phase expression of the SpeB cysteine protease of Streptococcus pyogenes.

The Rgg family of transcription regulators is widely distributed among gram-positive bacteria; however, how the members of this family control transcription is poorly understood. In the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, the Rgg family member RopB is required for transcription of the gene that encodes the secreted SpeB cysteine protease. Expression of the protease follows distinct kinetics that involves control of transcription in response to the growth phase.

Trigger factor-mediated prolyl isomerization influences maturation of the Streptococcus pyogenes cysteine protease.

Trigger factor, a ribosome-associated chaperone and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), is essential for the secretion and maturation of the cysteine protease of the pathogenic gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. In the absence of trigger factor, the nascent protease polypeptide is not targeted to the secretory pathway. Some partial-function mutations restore targeting.

Relationship between elevated preoperative troponin T and adverse outcomes following cardiac surgery.

Background: The prognostic value of troponin T (TnT) has been demonstrated in patients following a myocardial infarction. There are limited data regarding the prognostic utility of preoperative TnT in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The aim of the present study was to determine if elevated preoperative TnT is a predictor of more complex recovery outcomes in the cardiac surgical setting.

Effect of surfactants on the survival and sorption of viruses.

There is an increasing concern about the protection of groundwater from contamination by enteric viruses and the prevention of outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Knowledge of survivability and transport of viruses from their point of origin is necessary to determine their potential effects on the neighboring groundwater systems. The distribution of virus is, in turn, dependent on the physical and chemical compositions of the surrounding soil and subsurface systems.

The effects of ageing on the response to cardiac surgery: protective strategies for the ageing myocardium.

Unlabelled: With ageing of the general population, increasing numbers of elderly patients are presenting for interventional cardiac treatment such as cardiac surgery, angioplasty and thrombolysis. However, the results of these interventions in the elderly are inferior to those in the young. A likely contributing factor is an age-related reduction in cellular energy production in the myocardium during interventions that induce aerobic or ischaemic stress.

Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients.

With aging of the population, increasing numbers of elderly patients are presenting for cardiac surgery. However, the results in the elderly are inferior to those in the young. A likely contributing factor is an age-related reduction in cellular energy production in the myocardium during surgery, which is known to induce aerobic and ischemic stress.