Publications by authors named "William L Cull"
Importance: Injuries from firearms and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading causes of death among US children and youths aged 0 to 19 years. Examining the intersections of age group, sex, race, and ethnicity is essential to focus prevention efforts.
Objective: To examine firearm and motor vehicle fatality rates by population subgroups and analyze changes over time.
Objectives: Our objectives were to examine the following: physician survey response rates across a 20-year period; the impact of a token incentive on response rates; whether survey nonresponse bias is present and if it is associated with response rate; and the impact of a token incentive on nonresponse bias.
Methods: We utilized data from 68 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) pediatrician surveys from 2000 to 2019 and an AAP administrative database, which included information for both respondents and non-respondents (target sample). Linear regression examined response rates over time.
Objectives: To examine the association of changes in pediatricians' work characteristics with their satisfaction using longitudinal data.
Methods: Data from a cohort study, the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study (PLACES), were used to examine self-reported work satisfaction from 2012 to 2020 among 2002-2004 and 2009-2011 residency graduates (N = 1794). Drawing from the Physician Worklife Study, work satisfaction was measured as a 4-item scale score and averaged [range, 1 (low)-5 (high)].
Objective: Few studies have examined children's enrollment in high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and associations with health service use. We examine trends, health service use, and financial barriers to care for US children with high-deductible private insurance.
Methods: Trend data on HDHP enrollment were available for 58,910 children ages 0 to 17 with private insurance from the 2007 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey.
Objective: Utilize the unique capabilities of a longitudinal design to 1) examine whether burnout is increasing over time among 2 cohorts of pediatricians, and 2) identify factors associated with decreased burnout.
Methods: Data from a national longitudinal study, the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study, were used to examine self-reported burnout over a 5-year period (2012 to 2016) among 2002 to 2004 and 2009 to 2011 residency graduates (N = 1804). Study participation rates ranged from 94% in 2012 to 85% in 2016.
Purpose: Pediatricians' education debt has been increasing. Less is known about the pace of their debt repayment. The authors examined patterns of debt repayment for pediatricians who completed residency from 2002-2004.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: To determine pediatricians' practices, attitudes, and barriers regarding screening for and treatment of pediatric dyslipidemias in 9- to 11-year-olds and 17- to 21-year-olds.
Study Design: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2013-2014 Periodic Survey of a national, randomly selected sample of 1627 practicing AAP physicians. Pediatricians' responses were described and modeled.
Background And Objective: Recent years have witnessed substantial gains in health insurance coverage for children, but few studies have examined trends across a diverse set of access indicators. We examine US children's access to health services and whether trends vary by race/ethnicity and income.
Methods: Analysis of 178 038 children ages 0 to 17 from the 2000 to 2014 National Health Interview Survey.
Objective: To examine trends in pediatricians working part-time and residents seeking part-time work and to examine associated characteristics.
Study Design: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Periodic Survey of Fellows and the AAP Annual Survey of Graduating Residents were used to examine part-time employment. Fourteen periodic surveys were combined with an overall response rate of 57%.
Objective: To examine whether resident characteristics and experiences are related to practice in underserved areas.
Methods: Cross-sectional survey of a national random sample of pediatric residents (n = 1000) and additional sample of minority residents (n = 223) who were graduating in 2009 was conducted. Using weighted logistic regression, we examined relationships between resident characteristics (background, values, residency experiences, and practice goals) and reported 1) expectation to practice in underserved area and 2) postresidency position in underserved area.
Background And Objectives: Choosing career paths can be difficult decisions for residents contemplating fellowship training. This study compares the experiences of early career pediatricians who did and did not pursue fellowships.
Methods: We analyzed national, weighted data from pediatricians 8 to 10 years after residency (n = 842).
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) launched the Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study (PLACES), a longitudinal study that tracks the personal and professional experiences of early career pediatricians, in 2012. We used a multipronged approach to develop the study methodology and survey domains and items, including review of existing literature and qualitative research with the target population. We chose to include 2 cohorts of US pediatricians on the basis of residency graduation dates, including 1 group who were several years out of residency (2002-2004 Residency Graduates Cohort) and a second group who recently graduated from residency at study launch (2009-2011 Residency Graduates Cohort).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To describe the diversity of pediatric residents and examine relationships of cross-cultural training experiences with training satisfaction, perceived preparedness for providing culturally effective care, and attitudes surrounding care for underserved populations.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of a national random sample of graduating pediatric residents and an additional sample of minority residents. Using weighted analysis, we used multivariate regression to test for differences in satisfaction, preparedness, and attitudes between residents with more and less cross-cultural experiences during residency, controlling for residents' characteristics and experiences before training.
Objectives: To examine trends in pediatric residents' training and job search experiences from 2003 through 2009.
Methods: Annual national random samples of 500 graduating pediatric residents from 2003 through 2005 and 1000 from 2006 through 2009 were surveyed. Responses were compared across years to identify trends.
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the importance of family-friendly features in residency program selection, benefits offered to and used by residents, and importance of benefits in future job selection.
Methods: A survey of a random, national sample of 1000 graduating pediatric residents in 2008 was mailed and e-mailed.
Results: Survey response rate for graduating resident respondents was 59%.
Objectives: To compare satisfaction with specialty care by primary care pediatricians (PCPs), perceived barriers to care, and adequacy of specialist supply.
Study Design: A survey of U.S.
Objective: To assess whether underrepresented minority (URM) pediatricians serve minority and/or publicly insured or uninsured children to a greater degree than non-URM pediatricians, and to evaluate trends in these relationships.
Participants And Methods: Respondents to American Academy of Pediatrics surveys in 1993, 2000, and 2007, provided their race/ethnicity, practice locations, and estimated race/ethnicity and insurance sources of their patient panels. We classified pediatricians by race/ethnicity as either URM (black, Hispanic, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaskan Native) or non-URM (white, non-Hispanic/Latino, Asian, or other).
Objective: The objective of this study was to track trends in part-time employment among pediatricians from 2000 to 2006 and to examine differences within subgroups of pediatricians.
Methods: As part of the Periodic Survey of Fellows, national random samples of American Academy of Pediatrics members were surveyed in 2000, 2003, and 2006. These surveys shared questions concerning working part-time and other practice characteristics.
Objective: This study examined patterns of work and retirement among older pediatricians, including the determinants of part-time work and retirement, as well as extended participation in the pediatrician workforce.
Methods: A mail survey regarding recent and expected workforce participation was distributed to American Academy of Pediatrics members who were aged >or=50 years. A total of 1158 (72%) responded, 1114 (70%) of whom were included in these analyses.
Objective: To describe pediatricians' self-reported experiences with health literacy, use of basic and enhanced communication techniques, and perceived barriers to effective communication during office visits.
Design/methods: A national, random sample of 1605 nonretired, posttraining American Academy of Pediatrics members were surveyed in 2007 about health literacy and patient communication as part of the Periodic Survey of Fellows. The response rate was 56% (N = 900).
Objective: The goal was to monitor the number of pediatric residents seeking part-time employment after graduation and to examine the difficulty of their job searches, compared with residents seeking full-time employment.
Methods: As part of the American Academy of Pediatrics Graduating Resident Survey, national random samples of 500 graduating, categorical pediatrics residents were surveyed from 2003 through 2005, between May and August of each year. Responses were pooled to examine resident interest in and experience with part-time employment.
Objective: To compare the job search experience and career plans of medicine-pediatrics (med-peds) and pediatric residents.
Study Design: Annual surveys of graduating med-peds and pediatric residents were compared from 2003 and 2004.
Results: The survey response rates were 58% for med-peds residents (n = 427) and 61% for pediatric residents (n = 611).
Objectives: The goals were to examine pediatric resident and program director experiences implementing the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education work hour limits and to compare duty hours, moonlighting, and fatigue before and after the limits became effective.
Methods: National random samples of 500 pediatric residents who graduated in 2002 and in 2004 were surveyed to compare resident duty hours and fatigue before and after the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education limits were implemented. In addition, all US pediatric residency program directors were surveyed at the end of the 2003/2004 academic year, to provide a complementary retrospective examination of limit implementation.
Purpose: To investigate the demographics and training experiences of internal medicine and pediatrics (med-peds) physicians.
Method: A cross-sectional survey addressing demographics, training experiences, and career plans of fourth-year residents graduating from combined internal medicine and pediatrics programs that were identified in the American Academy of Pediatrics database was initiated in May 2003. Questionnaires were mailed up to four times to nonresponders through August 2003.
Objective: To profile the characteristics of areas that graduating pediatric residents target in their job searches and to explore whether residents applying to primary care markets with higher pediatrician supplies experience job-search difficulty.
Study Design: A national random sample of 500 graduating categorical pediatric residents was surveyed. The communities that the pediatric residents targeted for jobs were linked to local-area characteristics by using Dartmouth Primary Care Service Areas (PCSAs), which are discrete markets that represent patient travel patterns for primary care services.