Breastfed and mixed fed infants who do not consume infant cereal are at risk for inadequate iron intake:data from the feeding infants and toddlers study 2016, a cross-sectional survey.

Background: According to the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS), the percentage of older infants consuming infant cereal has declined from 72% of 6-11.9 month old infants in 2002 to 52% in 2016. This is especially concerning for breastfed and mixed fed infants because of their increased need for dietary sources of iron.

Challenges and Considerations When Balancing the Risks of Contaminants with the Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables for Infants and Toddlers.

Background: Fruits and vegetables are key to a healthy diet, particularly in children; however, parents may be concerned about contaminants found in fruits and vegetables. Making informed food choices for children requires understanding and balancing the risks of contaminant exposure with the importance of providing a healthy diet. The objective of this work is to identify fruits and vegetables commonly consumed by infants and toddlers; identify potential contaminants in fruits and vegetables; and outline considerations in assessing contaminant risks in food categories with a critical role in a healthy diet.

History of Acquired Monosaccharide Intolerance in Houston, Texas.

It is appropriate that we begin the clinical part of this conference with a discussion of acquired monosaccharide intolerance. This disease is the most severe form of carbohydrate malabsorption and maldigestion that can afflict an infant. The following article describes the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as its treatment, much of which was based on studies done by the Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition at Baylor College of Medicine.

Chapter 4. The Relationship Between the European and North American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.

This chapter is based on the memories of those who shaped the relationship between the European and the North American Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. The first joint meeting of the 2 Societies took place in Paris in 1978, followed by 1 in New York in 1985, 1 in Amsterdam in 1990, 1 in Houston in 1994, and the last one in Toulouse in 1998. The formation of the Federation of the International Societies for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (FISPGHAN) preceded the First World Congress of all Societies, which took place in Boston in 2000.

A cross-sectional study of osteocalcin and body fat measures among obese adolescents.

Unlabelled: Osteocalcin (OCN), a marker of osteoblast activity, has been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton and thus may affect body fat measures.

Objective: To examine the relationships of OCN to body fat measures and whether they vary according to markers of energy and vitamin D metabolism.

Design And Methods: Data were obtained from 58 obese adolescents aged 13-17.

Multicomponent school-initiated obesity intervention in a high-risk, Hispanic elementary school.

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a school-initiated cognitive and behavioral program to reduce childhood obesity. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and BMI z scores were obtained at the beginning and end of the school year at an intervention school (n = 1022) and at a control school (n = 692). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 18.

Relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency among obese adolescents.

Background: Data on the relation between vitamin D status and body fat indexes in adolescence are lacking.

Objective: The objective was to identify factors associated with vitamin D status and deficiency in obese adolescents to further evaluate the relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency.

Design: Data from 58 obese adolescents were obtained.

An innovative summer camp program improves weight and self-esteem in obese children.

To determine the potential benefits of a residential summer camp to treat childhood obesity, 21 obese, multiethnic children (aged 11.4+/-1.4 years; body mass index [BMI] percentile 98.

Psychological predictors of success in a pediatric cognitive-behavioral weight-control program.

Carmen Mikhail, PhD, and her coauthors explore the relationship between psychological profiles and success in a pediatric cognitive-behavioral weight-control program.

Age- and ethnic-specific elevation of ALT among obese children at risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): implications for screening.

The objectives are to: (1) characterize ethnic-specific differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation among obese children, (2) investigate the earliest ages at which significant ALT elevation occurs, and (3) determine associations between ALT and biochemical parameters. A cohort of 134 multiethnic obese children and adolescents was analyzed retrospectively. ALT levels > or =45 U/L or <45 U/L, denoting high or normal risk, were used to categorize obese children's risk for developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Steroid responsive eosinophilic gastric outlet obstruction in a child.

Gastric outlet obstruction is a rare complication of eosinophilic gastroenteritis, most commonly treated surgically. We report a case of eosinophilic gastric outlet obstruction in a child that responded to conservative medical management. A brief review of this clinical entity is also provided.

Park-based obesity intervention program for inner-city minority children.

Objective: To assess an intervention strategy--a 6-week obesity intervention program, Project KidFIT, at 3 Houston, Texas park centers--to address the obesity epidemic in minority children.

Study Design: Project KidFIT is a physical fitness and nutrition education program aimed at promoting the benefits of physical activity and improving nutrition knowledge in overweight (body mass index [BMI] > or = 95th percentile) minority children.

Results: A total of 120 minority children (77 boys and 43 girls; mean age, 10.

Overweight children and adolescents: a clinical report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.

Childhood overweight and obesity are major health problems with immediate and long-term consequences of staggering magnitude. Despite this, there are few preventive and therapeutic strategies of proven effectiveness available to public health and clinical practitioners. Accruing such evidence is currently and appropriately a health policy priority, but there is an urgent need to intervene even before comprehensive solutions are fully established.

Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations.

As the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disease among adolescents in the United States continues to increase, physicians are increasingly faced with the dilemma of determining the best treatment strategies for affected patients. This report offers an approach for the evaluation of adolescent patients' candidacy for bariatric surgery. In addition to anthropometric measurements and comorbidity assessments, a number of unique factors must be critically assessed among overweight youths.

Treatment of child and adolescent obesity: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to identify interventions used by pediatric health care providers in treatment of overweight children and adolescents to identify provider educational needs. A secondary aim was to examine the association of certain provider characteristics with recommended evaluation practices.

Study Design: A random sample of pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians (RDs) received questionnaires about their diet, activity, and medication recommendations for overweight patients and about referrals to specialists and programs.

Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to determine how pediatric health care providers identify overweight in children and adolescents and how they evaluate obesity-related medical complications. This information can guide development of programs to help providers improve their evaluation practices. A secondary objective was to examine the association of certain provider characteristics with recommended evaluation practices.