Update on botulinum toxin and dermal fillers.

Purpose Of Review: The art and science of facial rejuvenation is an ever-evolving field of medicine, as evidenced by the continual development of new surgical and nonsurgical treatment modalities. Over the past 10 years, the use of botulinum toxin and dermal fillers for aesthetic purposes has risen sharply. Herein, we discuss properties of several commonly used injectable products and provide basic instruction for their use toward the goal of achieving facial rejuvenation.

Silent sinus syndrome.

Background: Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is similar to and a subset of chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA), which refers to a persistent decrease in sinus maxillary volume due to inward retraction of the maxillary sinus walls secondary to obstruction of the osteomeatal complex. It differs from CMA, however, in that there is no pain or maxillary sinus congestion. Patients with SSS usually manifest spontaneous unilateral enophthalmos and hypoglobus, with no history of facial trauma or surgery.

A histologic analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction of the muscle of Riolan.

Purpose: To describe the anatomic and histologic relations of the muscle of Riolan in the eyelid margin.

Methods: Serial microscopic sections of the eyelid were prepared, digitally scanned, and then reconstructed with computer software to create a 3-dimensional profile of this muscle group in two planes.

Results: The muscle of Riolan is a distinct subdivision of striated muscle that is separate from the pretarsal orbicularis muscle.