outer membrane vesicles preferentially activate innate immune receptors compared to their parent bacteria.

The release of bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) has become recognized as a key mechanism used by both pathogenic and commensal bacteria to activate innate immune responses in the host and mediate immunity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria can harbor various immunogenic cargo that includes proteins, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan, and the composition of OMVs strongly influences their ability to activate host innate immune receptors. Although various Gram-negative pathogens can produce OMVs that are enriched in immunogenic cargo compared to their parent bacteria, the ability of OMVs produced by commensal organisms to be enriched with immunostimulatory contents is only recently becoming known.

Correction: Gilmore et al. Association between Nightlife Goers' Likelihood of an Alcohol Use Disorder and Their Preferred Bar's Closing Time: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study in Perth, Australia. 2021, , 13040.

In the original publication [...

Association between Bar Closing Time, Alcohol Use Disorders and Blood Alcohol Concentration: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Nightlife-Goers in Perth, Australia.

Introduction and aims: Associations between bar trading hours, a government lever for controlling alcohol availability, nightlife-goer intoxication levels and their likelihood of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have not been explored. We investigated whether: (i) participant AUD was associated with blood alcohol concentration (BAC); and, (ii) any association between AUD and BAC was moderated by participant preferred bar (i.e.

Association between Nightlife Goers' Likelihood of an Alcohol Use Disorder and Their Preferred Bar's Closing Time: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study in Perth, Australia.

Introduction And Aims: Associations between longer-term alcohol-related conditions and licensed outlet trading hours are not well understood. We investigated the association between nightlife-goers' likelihood of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their preference for bars with special permits to remain open 'late' (i.e.

Disclosures of harming others during their most recent drinking session: Findings from a large national study of heavy-drinking adolescents.

Introduction: The extant Alcohol's Harms to Others (AHTO) literature is largely comprised of reports from victims. We investigated AHTO from perpetrators' perspectives, including how harms were associated with individual characteristics, and alcohol quantities consumed during the perpetration incident.

Methods: Participants (N = 2932) were 14-19 years old, recruited primarily through social media and screened as risky drinkers.

Pathogenesis Mediated by Bacterial Membrane Vesicles.

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a process conserved across the three domains of life. Amongst prokaryotes, EVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria, termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), were identified more than 50 years ago and a wealth of literature exists regarding their biogenesis, composition and functions. OMVs have been implicated in benefiting numerous metabolic functions of their parent bacterium.

Isolation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell-derived heart field-specific cardiomyocytes unravels new insights into their transcriptional and electrophysiological profiles.

Aims: We prospectively isolate and characterize first and second heart field- and nodal-like cardiomyocytes using a double reporter line from human embryonic stem cells. Our double reporter line utilizes two important transcription factors in cardiac development, TBX5 and NKX2-5. TBX5 expression marks first heart field progenitors and cardiomyocytes while NKX2-5 is expressed in nearly all myocytes of the developing heart (excluding nodal cells).

Immunomodulatory roles and novel applications of bacterial membrane vesicles.

Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are composed of a range of biological cargo and facilitate numerous bacterial functions, including promoting pathogenesis and mediating disease in the host. By contrast, less is understood about BMVs produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which are referred to as membrane vesicles (MVs), however their contribution to mediating bacterial pathogenesis has recently become evident.

Safety first: Beliefs of older peers supplying alcohol to underage friends.

Issue Addressed: Underage drinkers most commonly source alcohol from older peers. However, few studies have examined older peers' supply-related beliefs and motivations.

Methods: A sample of 270 risky drinkers aged 18-19 years were interviewed in Australia where the legal purchase age is 18.

The Association between the Australian Alcopops Tax and National Chlamydia Rates among Young People-an Interrupted Time Series Analysis.

A national tax increase, which became known as the "alcopops tax", was introduced in Australia on the 27th April 2008 on ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages, which are consumed predominantly by young people. The affordability of alcohol has been identified as the strongest environmental driver of alcohol consumption, and alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor in the spread of sexually transmitted infections via its association with sexual risk-taking. We conducted a study to investigate whether there was any association between the introduction of the tax and changes in national chlamydia rates: (i) notification rates (diagnoses per 100,000 population; primary outcome and standard approach in alcohol taxation studies), and (ii) test positivity rates (diagnoses per 100 tests; secondary outcome) among 15-24 and 25-34-year-olds, using interrupted time series analysis.

Implications of Cardioprotective Assumptions for National Drinking Guidelines and Alcohol Harm Monitoring Systems.

The existence and potential level of cardioprotection from alcohol use is contested in alcohol studies. Assumptions regarding the risk relationship between alcohol use and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) are critical when providing advice for national drinking guidelines and for designing alcohol harm monitoring systems. We use three meta-analyses regarding alcohol use and IHD risk to investigate how varying assumptions lead to differential estimates of alcohol-attributable (AA) deaths and weighted relative risk (RR) functions, in Australia and Canada.

From eye rolls to punches: experiences of harm from others' drinking among risky-drinking adolescents across Australia.

Objectives: Exploration of experience of harms due to another person's drinking within a demographic particularly vulnerable to these consequences. Importance of study: Largest sampling of young Australian risky drinkers, who are underrepresented in general population surveys. The range of harms due to others' drinking reported here is more comprehensive than documented elsewhere.

Alcohol supply as a favour for a friend: Scenarios of alcohol supply to younger friends and siblings.

Issues Addressed: Adolescents under the legal purchase age primarily source their alcohol through social networks. This study assessed the provision context from the perspective of both underage recipients and their suppliers who were older peers and siblings.

Methods: Interviewer-administered surveys were conducted with 590 risky-drinking (50 g alcohol per session, at least monthly) adolescents.

Treating alcohol-related liver disease from a public health perspective.

Herein, we describe the evolving landscape of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) including the current global burden of disease and cost to working-aged people in terms of death and disability, in addition to the larger spectrum of alcohol-related heath complications and its wider impact on society. We further review the most effective and cost-effective public health policies at both a population and individual level. Currently, abstinence is the only effective treatment for ALD, and yet because the majority of ALD remains undetected in the community abstinence is initiated too late to prevent premature death in the majority of cases.

A Pilot Study Investigating the Influence of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Gastric Emptying Rate in Caucasian Men.

Gastric emptying rate in humans is subject to large individual variability, but previous research on the influence of genetics is scarce. Variation in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) gene is a plausible candidate gene to partially explain the high variance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of genetic variation in the GLP1R gene on gastric emptying rate of a glucose solution in humans.

Insomnia and Regulation of Sleep-Wake Cycle With Drugs Among Adolescent Risky Drinkers.

Study Objectives: We aimed to explore symptoms of insomnia in a group of youths characterized as engaging in risky drinking, their use of drugs as sleep/ wake aids, and the relationships between alcohol and other drug use and insomnia.

Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 596 Australian 14 to 19-year-olds identified as engaging in regular risky drinking. They completed the Insomnia Severity Index and were assessed for recent alcohol and other drug use, including drugs used specifically as sleep aids or to stay awake.

The Effect of C-Reactive Protein Isoforms on Nitric Oxide Production by U937 Monocytes/Macrophages.

Inflammation is regulated by many endogenous factors including estrogen, a steroid hormone that declines with increasing age, leading to excessive inflammation in the elderly. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase inflammatory protein that exists in two forms, native CRP (nCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP), which mediate distinct biological activities. It is unclear how each CRP isoform mediates nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule generated by NO synthase (NOS).

Psychometric Analysis of a Survey on Patient Safety Culture-Based Tool for Emergency Medical Services.

Objective: Evaluating organizational safety culture is critical for high-stress, high-risk professions such as prehospital emergency medical services (EMS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a safety culture instrument for EMS, based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's widely used Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS).

Methods: The final EMS-adapted instrument consisted of 37 items covering 11 safety culture domains including 10 domains from existing SOPS instruments and one new domain for communication while en route to an emergency call.

Youth perceptions of alcohol advertising: are current advertising regulations working?

Objectives: We investigated young people's exposure to alcohol advertising, their intentions to consume and purchase alcohol products following the viewing of advertisements, and whether they perceived the actors in the advertisements as being under the age of 25 years.

Methods: Face-to-face interviews were completed with 351 risky drinking 16-19-year-old Australians, with a sub-sample (n=68) responding to a range of alcohol advertisements in an in-depth interview.

Results: Participants were exposed to alcohol advertisements from an average of seven specific contexts in the past 12 months, with younger adolescents more likely to recall TV and outdoor billboards (n=351).

Comparing levels of blood alcohol concentration and indicators of impairment in nightlife patrons.

Introduction And Aims: Breathalyser estimate of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is widely used as an objective intoxication measure, but is not always practical in nightlife contexts. This study uses in situ data collected in nightlife environments to explore how four measures of intoxication are related so as to inform the development of a more practical and reliable method of differentiating intoxication for people working in the night-time economy.

Design And Methods: Nightlife patron interviews were conducted in five Australian cities.

Generation of Nkx2-5/CreER transgenic mice for inducible Cre expression in developing hearts.

Nkx2-5 is a homeobox-containing transcriptional regulator that serves as one of the earliest markers of cardiac lineage commitment. To study the role of Nkx2-5-expressing progenitors at specific time points in cardiac development, we have generated a novel and inducible NKX2-5 mouse line by knocking in a CreER cassette into the Nkx2-5 genomic locus, while preserving the endogenous Nkx2-5 gene to avoid haploinsufficiency. We evaluated the specificity and efficiency of CreER activity after 4-OHT injection by crossing Nkx2-5 mice with a Rosa26 reporter strain.