Early Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting and Facial Growth of Patients with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective: To investigate the craniofacial growth outcomes of early secondary alveolar bone grafting(ABG) around 6 years of age.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: 1 North-American and 5 Northern-European cleft centers.

The Effect of Earlier Bone Grafting, Prior to Orthodontic Treatment, on SWAG Ratings of Graft Outcomes.

Objective: To compare the outcomes between 2 groups of patients with complete clefts treated with early secondary alveolar bone grafting (ABG) at 2 centers (5-7 years, orthodontic intervention) and to a third group of patients treated at one of those centers (center 1) who had received later secondary ABG (8-10 years, orthodontic intervention).

Design: Blind retrospective analysis of cleft site radiographs using Americleft Standardized Way to Assess Grafts (SWAG) scale.

Patients: A total of 99 patients with complete clefts from 2 North American cleft/craniofacial centers.

Burden of Care of Various Infant Orthopedic Protocols for Improvement of Nasolabial Esthetics in Patients With CUCLP.

Objectives: 1. To evaluate the orthodontic burden of care of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) and modified McNeil for the treatment of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CUCLP). 2.

The Americleft Project: A Modification of Asher-McDade Method for Rating Nasolabial Esthetics in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using Q-sort.

The purpose of this study was to investigate ways to improve rater reliability and satisfaction in nasolabial esthetic evaluations of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), by modifying the Asher-McDade method with use of Q-sort methodology. Blinded ratings of cropped photographs of one hundred forty-nine 5- to 7-year-old consecutively treated patients with complete UCLP from 4 different centers were used in a rating of frontal and profile nasolabial esthetic outcomes by 6 judges involved in the Americleft Project's intercenter outcome comparisons. Four judges rated in previous studies using the original Asher-McDade approach.

Genetic Interactions in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts in Europe-EUROCRAN Study.

Background: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL±P) and nonsyndromic cleft palate (nsCP) are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. We investigated gene-environment and gene-gene joint effects in a large multicenter study of case-parent triads.

Methods: The nsCL±P or nsCP triads were recruited in 11 European countries between 2001 and 2005.

The Americleft Project: Burden of Care from Secondary Surgery.

Background: The burden of care for children with cleft lip and palate extends beyond primary repair. Children may undergo multiple secondary surgeries to improve appearance or speech. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of secondary surgery between cleft centers.

Dental arch relationships in Turkish patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate born between 1976 and 1990: a comparison with eurocleft.

Objective: To compare the dental arch relationships of Turkish patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with the results reported for participants in the Eurocleft study.

Patients: Study models of 109 patients with complete UCLP from five university clinics in Turkey were evaluated (clinic A = 25 patients, clinic B = 23 patients, clinic C = 20 patients, clinic D = 21 patients, and clinic E = 20 patients). The mean age of the patient cohort was nine years old (range = 8-11 years old), and the cohort was born between 1976 and 1990.

Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate.

Background: Cleft lip and cleft palate are common birth defects, affecting about one baby of every 700 born. Feeding these babies is an immediate concern and there is evidence of delay in growth of children with a cleft as compared to those without clefting. In an effort to combat reduced weight for height, a variety of advice and devices are recommended to aid feeding of babies with clefts.

Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health.

Background: Powered brushes were first introduced commercially in the 1960s. A recent systematic review suggested the superiority of certain modes of powered over manual toothbrushing for plaque and gingivitis reduction. That review did not allow for direct comparison between different modes of powered toothbrush.

A new yardstick for rating dental arch relationship in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.

Objective: To develop yardsticks for assessment of dental arch relationship in young individuals with repaired complete bilateral cleft lip and palate appropriate to different stages of dental development.

Participants: Eleven cleft team orthodontists from five countries worked on the projects for 4 days. A total of 776 sets of standardized plaster models from 411 patients with operated complete bilateral cleft lip and palate were available for the exercise.

A longitudinal three-center study of dental arch relationship in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate.

Objective: To compare and evaluate longitudinally the dental arch relationships from 4.5 to 13.5 years of age with the Bauru-BCLP Yardstick in a large sample of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP).

Reference photographs for nasolabial appearance rating in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

A popular method for nasolabial rating in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is the Asher-McDade system consisting of a 5-point ordinal scale assessing nasal form, nasal symmetry, nasal profile, and vermilion border. The aim of the current study was to identify reference photographs illustrating this scale to facilitate its use.Four observers assessed nasolabial appearance on frontal and profile photographs of the nasolabial area of 42 children of Caucasian origin with a repaired UCLP at age 9 years.

Cleft lip and palate.

Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the lips and oral cavity. These defects arise in about 1.7 per 1000 liveborn babies, with ethnic and geographic variation.

Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial pain (OFP) among young adults (30-31 years old) and to determine the effect of childhood and adulthood risk factors on the occurrence of OFP.

Methods: Prospective cohort study to investigate dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was conducted in Wales, United Kingdom. At 20-year follow-up 337 subjects aged 30-31 participated (74% from previous follow-up aged 19-20 and 33% from the baseline) and were asked about OFP.

Twenty-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: temporomandibular disorders.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a common condition. Studies of TMD in relation to orthodontic treatment did not show an association, but longitudinal studies from adolescence to adulthood are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD with a longitudinal study design.

Nasolabial appearance in unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate: a comparison with Eurocleft.

Objective: To evaluate nasolabial appearance of patients with UCLAP treated in Nijmegen and to compare them with those from six other individual centers from the Eurocleft study. Relationships between nasolabial aesthetics, dental arch relationships and cleft width at birth were also investigated.

Patients: Children of Caucasian origin with complete UCLAP (n=42 consecutive cases) from the Nijmegen Cleft Palate Unit, The Netherlands.

A 20-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: psychological outcome.

Introduction: Despite the widespread expectation that orthodontic treatment improves psychological well-being and self-esteem, there is little objective evidence to support this. The aim of this study was to compare the dental and psychosocial status of people who received, or did not receive, orthodontic treatment as teenagers.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort design was adopted.

The Cardiff dental study: a 20-year critical evaluation of the psychological health gain from orthodontic treatment.

Objectives: Despite the widespread belief that orthodontics improves psychological well-being and self-esteem, there is little objective evidence to support this (Kenealy et al., 1989a; Shaw, O'Brien, Richmond, & Brook, 1991). A 20 year follow-up study compared the dental and psychosocial status of individuals who received, or did not receive, orthodontics as teenagers.

Assessment of dental arch relationships in Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Objective: Evaluation of the dental arch relationships of Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) from the orthodontic clinic of the University of Tokyo Hospital (UTH) compared with patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team, Norway.

Design: Retrospective study and comparison with previous reports.

Materials: Dental models of 24 patients with UCLP in UTH taken before orthodontic treatment and before alveolar bone grafting were included.

Treatment outcome after two-stage palatal closure in unilateral cleft lip and palate: a comparison with Eurocleft.

Objective: To evaluate dental arch relationships of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated with a two-stage palatal closure and to compare them with the six centers from the Eurocleft study that used various treatment protocols.

Design: Repeated-measures study.

Setting: Cleft Palate Craniofacial Unit of Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 5: discussion and conclusions.

Objective: To review the lessons learned from a longitudinal intercenter comparison study.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting: Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 4: relationship among treatment outcome, patient/parent satisfaction, and the burden of care.

Objective: To assess patient/parent satisfaction with the treatment they had received from their respective teams, and to explore interrelationships between satisfaction, objectively rated outcome, and the burden of care.

Design: This study reports cross-sectional data as part of the overall longitudinal cohort study reported in the other four papers of this series.

Setting: Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 3: dental arch relationships.

Objective: To compare dental arch relationships up to age 17 in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study, where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years.

Setting: Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 2: craniofacial form and nasolabial appearance.

Objective: To compare craniofacial morphology and nasolabial appearance up to age 17 in individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers.

Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting: Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe.

The Eurocleft study: intercenter study of treatment outcome in patients with complete cleft lip and palate. Part 1: introduction and treatment experience.

Objective: To calculate the amount of treatment and associated travel experienced by five groups of patients treated at different centers. (This data is related to outcomes and patient/parent satisfaction in subsequent papers in this series).

Design: A longitudinal cohort study where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years.