Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California, June 2012-June 2014.

In August 2012, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) was contacted by a San Francisco Bay area clinician who requested poliovirus testing for an unvaccinated man aged 29 years with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) associated with anterior myelitis (i.e., evidence of inflammation of the spinal cord involving the grey matter including anterior horn cell bodies) and no history of international travel during the month before symptom onset.

Seroconversion to islet autoantibodies after enterovirus infection in early pregnancy.

Gestational enterovirus (EV) infections have been associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes in the offspring. We therefore analyzed non-diabetic mothers for EV exposure in early pregnancy in relation to type 1 diabetes HLA-DQ risk genotypes and seroconversion to islet autoantibodies during pregnancy. Non-diabetic mothers who had islet autoantibodies (n=365) against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), or insulin autoantibodies (IAA), in early pregnancy and at delivery were compared to islet autoantibody-negative mothers (n=1457) matched for age and sampling date.

Molecular identification of 13 new enterovirus types, EV79-88, EV97, and EV100-101, members of the species Human Enterovirus B.

Molecular methods have enabled the rapid identification of new enterovirus (EV) serotypes that are untypeable using existing neutralizing antisera. As a result, sequencing of the VP1 capsid gene has been developed as a surrogate for antigenic typing to distinguish enterovirus types. In this study, 17 enterovirus isolates from four countries were identified as members of 13 new types within the species Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B) by complete genome sequencing.

Emergence of echovirus type 13 as a prominent enterovirus.

In 2001, increased activity of the rarely detected enterovirus echovirus type 13 (E13) was observed in the United States. This article describes the epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic characteristics of E13 activity in the United States in 2001, compared with E13 activity abroad in 2000-2002. In the United States, E13 accounted for 376 (24%) of the 1584 enterovirus isolates reported in 2001 (29% of the reported isolates had a known serotype), compared with 74 isolates reported during 1970-2000.

Molecular epidemiology and type-specific detection of echovirus 11 isolates from the Americas, Europe, Africa, Australia, southern Asia and the Middle East.

Echovirus 11 (E11) is among the most commonly isolated human enteroviruses. To examine the range of genetic variation within the E11 serotype, we determined the complete VP1 sequences for 53 geographically dispersed E11 strains isolated in 16 countries from 1953 to 2001. E11 sequences were monophyletic with respect to all other enterovirus serotypes.

Prospective study of enteroviral infections and development of beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes autoimmunity study in the young (DAISY).

Objective: To determine whether there is association between infection with enteroviruses and beta-cell autoimmunity in children at elevated risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Background: Recent prospective and case-control studies of children who are at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes have suggested that enterovirus (EV) infections are a risk factor for beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.

Methods: A nested matched case-control study of incident cases of beta-cell autoimmunity within two prospective cohorts of genetically high-risk children (cases=26, controls=39).