Polygenic scores, diet quality, and type 2 diabetes risk: An observational study among 35,759 adults from 3 US cohorts.

Background: Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes, but the extent to which there is a synergistic effect of the 2 factors is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the joint associations of genetic risk and diet quality with incident type 2 diabetes.

Methods And Findings: We analyzed data from 35,759 men and women in the United States participating in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I (1986 to 2016) and II (1991 to 2017) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 1986 to 2016) with available genetic data and who did not have diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline.

Nearly a decade on - trends, risk factors and policy implications in global obesity.

In the past decade, the prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities has continued to increase across the globe, prompting many countries to adopt policies to improve diet quality. Here, we discuss key nutrition policies that have been implemented in the past few years and consider future priorities for global obesity prevention.

Post-GWAS gene-environment interplay in breast cancer: results from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium and a meta-analysis on 79,000 women.

We studied the interplay between 39 breast cancer (BC) risk SNPs and established BC risk (body mass index, height, age at menarche, parity, age at menopause, smoking, alcohol and family history of BC) and prognostic factors (TNM stage, tumor grade, tumor size, age at diagnosis, estrogen receptor status and progesterone receptor status) as joint determinants of BC risk. We used a nested case-control design within the National Cancer Institute's Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3), with 16 285 BC cases and 19 376 controls. We performed stratified analyses for both the risk and prognostic factors, testing for heterogeneity for the risk factors, and case-case comparisons for differential associations of polymorphisms by subgroups of the prognostic factors.

Post-natal anaemia and iron deficiency in HIV-infected women and the health and survival of their children.

Prenatal iron supplementation may improve pregnancy outcomes and decrease the risk of child mortality. However, little is known about the importance of post-natal maternal iron status for child health and survival, particularly in the context of HIV infection. We examined the association of maternal anaemia and hypochromic microcytosis, an erythrocyte morphology consistent with iron deficiency, with child health and survival in the first two to five years of life.

A prospective study of smoking and risk of breast cancer in young adult women.

Objectives: To investigate the association between smoking and invasive breast cancers characterized by their estrogen receptor status in a large prospective study of mainly premenopausal women.

Methods: 112,844 women aged 25-42 years in 1989 were followed 10 years; questionnaire information on medical illnesses and risk factors was collected biennially and information on diet was collected in 1991 and 1995. During this period of follow-up (1,077,536 person-years), 1009 incident breast cancer cases were documented.

The epidemic of prostate cancer and the medical literature: a causal association?

The diagnosis of prostate cancer has undergone an unprecedented recent increase, while mortality has increased much more slowly. We examined new prostate cancer diagnoses from 1987-1992 in a nationwide prospective cohort study of 51 529 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a population likely to be medically sophisticated and thus early to adopt medical innovations. The age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer rose approximately 2(1/2) fold during the study period.

A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer.

Objective: Association between animal products and prostate cancer have been observed in numerous observational studies, but it is not clear whether the high fat content of these foods or some other component accounts for these associations. We examine these associations among 51,529 men who contributed detailed dietary data.

Methods: Participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1986, and subsequently in 1990 and 1994.

A population-based case-control study of carotenoid and vitamin A intake and ovarian cancer (United States).

Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamin A and the incidence of ovarian cancer.

Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer in Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Incident cases diagnosed between 1991 and 1994 were identified through statewide tumor registries.

Bowel movement, use of laxatives and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps among women (United States).

Background: Infrequent bowel movements and use of laxatives have been hypothesized to increase risk of colorectal neoplasia. However, the few existing epidemiologic studies in humans have been inconclusive.

Purpose: To investigate prospectively the associations of bowel movement frequency and laxative use with the occurrence of adenomatous colorectal polyps in women.

Lower levels of physical functioning are associated with higher body weight among middle-aged and older women.

Objective: To compare levels of physical function, across levels of body mass index (BMI), among middle- to older-aged women.

Design: Cross-sectional study. Physical function, body weight and other covariates were measured in 1992.

Smoking behavior among participants in the nurses' health study.

We analyzed smoking behavior of 91,651 married female nurses, aged 30-55 years in 1976. The prevalence of smoking was similar among all birth cohorts. The largest percentage increase in starting to smoke occurred between ages 15 and 25 years; by age 25, 50 per cent had started smoking.