Social and ecological determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest global health problems for humans, animals, and the environment. Although the association between various factors and AMR is being increasingly researched, the need to understand the contribution of social and ecological determinants, especially in developing nations, remains. This review fills these knowledge gaps by synthesizing existing evidence on the social and ecological determinants of AMR in Africa.