The heterogeneity among people re-engaging in antiretroviral therapy highlights the need for a differentiated approach: results from a cross-sectional study in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Introduction: Disengagement and re-engagement with antiretroviral therapy (ART) are common in South Africa, but routine monitoring is insufficient to inform policy development. To address this gap, Anova implemented the 2020 National Adherence Guidelines' re-engagement standard operating procedure (re-engagement SOP) and collected additional data to describe the characteristics of re-engagement visits to inform HIV programmes.

Methods: Between July and December 2022, we conducted a study at nine primary healthcare facilities in Johannesburg.

Understanding the underestimation of self-report weight: The roles of narcissism and accountability.

Self-reported height and weight is widely used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) and yet little is known about factors that affect accuracy. This study investigated the motivational characteristics-narcissism and social desirability-that influence the accuracy of self-reported weight and how they interact with accountability (telling participants that their weight will be verified). A two-way between-subjects design was used (accountable vs not accountable) with motivational moderators (narcissism and social desirability).

The pore-forming apolipoprotein APOL7C drives phagosomal rupture and antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) generate protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against extracellular pathogens and tumors. This is achieved through a process known as cross-presentation (XP), and, despite its biological importance, the mechanism(s) driving XP remains unclear. Here, we show that a cDC-specific pore-forming protein called apolipoprotein L 7C (APOL7C) is up-regulated in response to innate immune stimuli and is recruited to phagosomes.

Factors influencing the implementation of a guideline for re-engagement in HIV care in primary care settings in Johannesburg, South Africa: A qualitative study.

Re-engagement, which involves bringing individuals who have fallen out of HIV care back into treatment, is important in the ongoing care of individuals with HIV, especially in regions with high prevalence and resource limitations. Despite extensive treatment programs, a significant number of people living with HIV in South Africa disengage from care due to different barriers. To address this, the South African Department of Health (DoH) introduced guidelines to support re-engagement.

Impact of phased COVID-19 vaccine rollout on anxiety and depression among US adult population, January 2019-February 2023: a population-based interrupted time series analysis.

Background: Existing research lacks information on the potential impacts of multi-phased coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine rollouts on population mental health. This study aims to evaluate the impact of various COVID-19 vaccine rollout phases on trends and prevalence of anxiety and depression among US adults at a population level.

Methods: We performed a US population-based multi-intervention interrupted time series analysis through Deep Learning and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) approaches, analyzing 4 waves of US CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data (January 2019-February 2023) to assess changes in the weekly prevalence of anxiety and depression following interruptions, including all major COVID-19 vaccine rollout phases from 2020 to early 2023 while considering pandemic-related events.

The continuum of gender-based violence experienced by migrant and refugee women in Canada: perspectives from key informants.

Little research has been done on conceptualizing gender-based violence (GBV) against immigrant and refugee women as a continuum of violence. The objective of the larger study was to understand gender-based violence in migration and analyze the ways in which discriminations and inequalities interact to increase vulnerability and decrease access to supports and services for some women. Using (a) the concept of continuum of [sexual] violence and (b) intersectionality, we demonstrate the need to both document the range of violence in women's lives and the tactics of victimization among immigrant and refugee women and show how they are different than the cumulated literature showing victimization tactics against the Canadian-born population.

The seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction: structure generation methods.

A seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction was organized by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre featuring seven target systems of varying complexity: a silicon and iodine-containing molecule, a copper coordination complex, a near-rigid molecule, a cocrystal, a polymorphic small agrochemical, a highly flexible polymorphic drug candidate, and a polymorphic morpholine salt. In this first of two parts focusing on structure generation methods, many crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods performed well for the small but flexible agrochemical compound, successfully reproducing the experimentally observed crystal structures, while few groups were successful for the systems of higher complexity. A powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) assisted exercise demonstrated the use of CSP in successfully determining a crystal structure from a low-quality PXRD pattern.

SLC39A8.p.(Ala391Thr) is associated with poorer cognitive ability: a cross-sectional study of schizophrenia and the general UK population.

The missense SNP NC_000004.12:g.102267552C>T (SLC39A8.

Percentage mammographic density or absolute breast density for risk stratification in breast screening: Possible implications for socioeconomic health disparity.

Objectives: Obesity levels and mortality from breast cancer are higher in more deprived areas of the UK, despite lower breast cancer incidence. Supplemental imaging for women with dense breasts has been proposed as a potential improvement to screening, but it is not clear how stratification by percentage mammographic density (%MD) would be reflected across socioeconomic groups. This study aims to clarify the associations between breast composition (dense and fatty tissue) and socioeconomic status in a multi-ethnic screening population.

Communication Matters: Loneliness in Senior Living Communities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate individuals residing in senior living communities (SLCs) amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One reason those living in SLCs often choose these communities is to have a readily available social network. Necessary social distancing disrupted this socialization, thus, possibly increasing perceptions of loneliness in residents of SLCs.

SOMANZ position statement for the investigation and management of sepsis in pregnancy 2023.

Background: The Society of Australia and New Zealand (SOMANZ) published its first sepsis in pregnancy and the postpartum period guideline in 2017 (Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 57, 2017, 540). In the intervening 6 years, maternal mortality from sepsis has remained static.

Aims: To update clinical practice with a review of the subsequent literature.

Linking haploinsufficiency of the autism- and schizophrenia-associated gene Cyfip1 with striatal-limbic-cortical network dysfunction and cognitive inflexibility.

Impaired behavioural flexibility is a core feature of neuropsychiatric disorders and is associated with underlying dysfunction of fronto-striatal circuitry. Reduced dosage of Cyfip1 is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorder, as evidenced by its involvement in the 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) copy number variant: deletion carriers are haploinsufficient for CYFIP1 and exhibit a two- to four-fold increased risk of schizophrenia, autism and/or intellectual disability.

Breadth of substance use is associated with the selection of a larger food portion size via elevated impulsivity.

Substance use is associated with altered or elevated food consumption and disordered eating. In the present study we examined whether breadth (variety) of drug use was associated with elevated portion size in a general population sample as it was in persons in recovery from substance use disorder. Furthermore, measures of emotional eating, impulsivity, food misuse, food craving were taken as possible mediators and reward responsiveness was examined as a potential moderator of this association.

Clinical Integration of Artificial Intelligence for Breast Imaging.

This article describes an approach to planning and implementing artificial intelligence products in a breast screening service. It highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding of the end-to-end workflow and effective project planning by a multidisciplinary team. It discusses the need for monitoring to ensure that performance is stable and meets expectations, as well as focusing on the potential for inadvertantly generating inequality.

Cardiometabolic Disease Staging and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event Prediction in 2 Prospective Cohorts.

Background: Cardiometabolic risk prediction models that incorporate metabolic syndrome traits to predict cardiovascular outcomes may help identify high-risk populations early in the progression of cardiometabolic disease.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a modified cardiometabolic disease staging (CMDS) system, a validated diabetes prediction model, predicts major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Methods: We developed a predictive model using data accessible in clinical practice [fasting glucose, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension medication use] from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke) study to predict MACE [cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and/or nonfatal stroke].

Sociodemographic predictors of perceived weight discrimination.

Background: Perceived weight discrimination is associated with increased risk for chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy. Nevertheless, little is known about perceived weight discrimination in racial, ethnic, and sexual minority groups or in individuals at the intersections of those groups. The goal of this study was to identify sociodemographic predictors of perceived weight discrimination.

Prevalence of opioid dependence in Scotland 2015-2020: A multi-parameter estimation of prevalence (MPEP) study.

Background And Aims: Drug-related deaths in Scotland more than doubled between 2011 and 2020. To inform policymakers and understand drivers of this increase, we estimated the number of people with opioid dependence aged 15-64 from 2014/15 to 2019/20.

Design: We fitted a Bayesian multi-parameter estimation of prevalence (MPEP) model, using adverse event rates to estimate prevalence of opioid dependence jointly from Opioid Agonist Therapy (OAT), opioid-related mortality and hospital admissions data.

Microglial phagolysosome dysfunction and altered neural communication amplify phenotypic severity in Prader-Willi Syndrome with larger deletion.

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic etiology, characterized by paternal deletion of genes located at chromosome 15 in 70% of cases. Two distinct genetic subtypes of PWS deletions are characterized, where type I (PWS T1) carries four extra haploinsufficient genes compared to type II (PWS T2). PWS T1 individuals display more pronounced physiological and cognitive abnormalities than PWS T2, yet the exact neuropathological mechanisms behind these differences remain unclear.

Self-identified strategies to manage intake of tempting foods: cross-sectional and prospective associations with BMI and snack intake.

Objectives: Individuals often use self-directed strategies to manage intake of tempting foods, but what these strategies are and whether they are effective is not well understood. This study assessed the frequency of use and subjective effectiveness of self-directed strategies in relation to BMI and snack intake.

Design: A cross-sectional and prospective study with three time points (T1: baseline, T2: 3 months and T3: 3 years).

Exploring the experiences of adults adjustment when living with a primary brain tumour.

Background: Brain tumours are the ninth most common cancer in the UK, and account for 3% of all new cancer cases.

Aim: To understand the impact of living with a primary brain tumour and identify adjustments that patients make in order to cope with their condition. This also encomapsses the impact of interventions like support groups in terms of care and therapeutic value.

Evidence-informed recommendations on managing breast screening atypia: perspectives from an expert panel consensus meeting reviewing results from the Sloane atypia project.

Evidence-based clinical guidelines are essential to maximize patient benefit and to reduce clinical uncertainty and inconsistency in clinical practice. Gaps in the evidence base can be addressed by data acquired in routine practice. At present, there is no international consensus on management of women diagnosed with atypical lesions in breast screening programmes.