Influence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the transdermal permeation and skin accumulation of oxybenzone.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) concentration on the transdermal permeation and skin accumulation of a model ultraviolet (UV) absorber, oxybenzone. The concentration of oxybenzone was held constant at 2.67 mg/mL for all formulations, while the HPCD concentrations varied from 0 to 20% (w/w).

A reliable primary human CNS culture protocol for morphological studies of dendritic and synaptic elements.

Primary dissociated human fetal forebrain cultures were grown in defined serum-free conditions. At 4 weeks in vitro the cultures contained abundant morphologically well differentiated neurons with complex dendritic arbors. Astrocytic proliferation was negligible without the use of antimitotic agents.

Continuous measurement of glucose utilization in heart myoblasts.

Understanding quantitative aspects of cell energy metabolism and how it is influenced by environment is central to biology, medicine, and biotechnology. Most methods used for measuring metabolic fluxes associated with energy metabolism require considerable personnel effort or high maintenance instrumentation. The microphysiometer is a commercially available instrument that measures acid extrusion rates, which are commonly used for drug screening.

Recovery of replication-competent HIV type 1-infected circulating monocytes from individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy.

The affect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV-1 recovery from blood monocytes was determined in purified peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) cultures from HIV-1-infected subjects with undetectable plasma viremia or active viral replication. Additionally, the association between replication-competent HIV-1-infected MDM and neurocognitive status was examined. Fifty-two individual with previous AIDS-defining illnesses receiving nucleoside analogues with and without protease inhibitors or no ART were followed for up to 1.

Cell cycle proteins exhibit altered expression patterns in lentiviral-associated encephalitis.

Cell cycle proteins regulate processes as diverse as cell division and cell death. Recently their role in neuronal death has been reported in several models of neurodegeneration. We have reported previously that two key regulators of the cell cycle, the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb) and transcription factor E2F1, exhibit altered immunostaining patterns in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE).

Macrophages relate presynaptic and postsynaptic damage in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis.

Neurodegeneration observed in lentiviral-associated encephalitis has been linked to viral-infected and -activated central nervous system macrophages. We hypothesized that lentivirus, macrophages, or both lentivirus and macrophages within distinct microenvironments mediate synaptic damage. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model, we assessed the relationship between virus, macrophages, and neurological damage in multiple brain regions using laser confocal microscopy.

Enhancing the proteolytic maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins.

In virus-infected cells, the envelope glycoprotein (Env) precursor, gp160, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is cleaved by cellular proteases into a fusion-competent gp120-gp41 heterodimer in which the two subunits are noncovalently associated. However, cleavage can be inefficient when recombinant Env is expressed at high levels, either as a full-length gp160 or as a soluble gp140 truncated immediately N-terminal to the transmembrane domain. We have explored several methods for obtaining fully cleaved Env for use as a vaccine antigen.

Evaluation of intraocular pharmacokinetics and toxicity of prinomastat (AG3340) in the rabbit.

To determine the ocular pharmacokinetics, physiological and histological effects of prinomastat (a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), a total of seventy-seven eyes of New Zealand White rabbits received intravitreous and subtenon injections of prinomastat or of acidified water vehicle as control, Doses of 0.5 mg in 0.05 mL of prinomastat or acidified water were used for intravitreal injection.

ENP review clinics.

As public expectations of the health service progressively increase, there will be greater pressure to increase the staffing of A&E. departments. An additional expectation is that the public wants the provision of local services.

Response of cell cycle proteins to neurotrophic factor and chemokine stimulation in human neuroglia.

Increased expression of neurotrophins (e.g., NGF, BDNF) and chemokines (e.

Damage and repair of DNA in HIV encephalitis.

Neuronal damage and dementia are common sequelae of HIV encephalitis. The mechanism by which HIV infection of CNS macrophages results in neuronal damage is not known. We examined the brains from 15 AIDS autopsies (8 with HIV encephalitis and 7 without) and 4 non-infected control autopsies for the presence of DNA strand breaks, for associated changes in the expression of the DNA repair enzymes KU80 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and for accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Cortical blindness in a preeclamptic patient after a cesarean delivery complicated by hypotension.

Visual strokes can occur after prolonged hypotension or as a complication of preeclampsia-eclampsia. This case describes the diagnostic dilemma posed by a patient who developed transient blindness after a hypotensive episode during cesarean delivery for severe preeclampsia-eclampsia.

Induction of cell-cycle regulators in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis.

Neuronal degeneration associated with human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis has been attributed to neurotoxicity of signaling molecules secreted by activated, infected macrophages. We hypothesized that the barrage of signals present in the extracellular milieu of human immunodeficiency virus-infiltrated brain causes inappropriate activation of neuronal cell-cycle machinery. We examined the presence of three members of the cell-cycle control machinery: pRb, E2F1, and p53 in the simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE) model.

Differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in chronic murine retroviral encephalitis.

The cell adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, are important mediators of immune interactions within the central nervous system (CNS). A wide variety of pro-inflammatory insults to the brain, including viral infection, result in upregulation of these molecules on brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia. This study investigated the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in chronic encephalitis induced by infection with a temperature sensitive (ts-1) strain of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMuLV), an ecotropic murine retrovirus.

Delirium episodes during the course of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease.

A retrospective review was conducted of 122 charts of patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (CDAD) who had participated in a longitudinal dementia study at the Mayo Clinic from 1965 to 1970. DSM-III-R diagnoses were assigned based on the longitudinal description of symptoms detailed in the Mayo Clinic medical records of the hospitalizations; clinic, home, and nursing home visits; and state hospital admissions. Thirty patients (25%) were found to have a delirium episode during their course of CDAD that occurred during inpatient admissions; 50% (15 of 30) of the delirium episode occurred in patients ages 80 to 89.

HIV-associated Waldeyer's ring lymphoid hyperplasias: characterization of multinucleated giant cells and the role of Epstein-Barr virus.

Lymphoid hyperplasia of Waldeyer's ring (WR) is an often-symptomatic complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A characteristic but not well explained finding is the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) adjacent to crypt or surface epithelium. To further elucidate the MNGCs and assess their relationship to HIV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 12 specimens from 11 HIV-positive patients were stained with antibodies to HIV-1 p24, EBV (latent membrane protein, LMP-1), histiocytes (CD68), and other antigen-presenting cells: S-100 protein, the Langerhans cell (LC) marker CD1a, and the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) marker (CD21).

HIV mediates a productive infection of the brain.

Background: Approximately one quarter of patients with AIDS develop severe cognitive deficits called HIV-associated dementia complex. There is some controversy regarding the importance of viral load and distribution in mediating this neurologic disease.

Objective: Brain HIV proviral and RNA loads were compared to define the molecular nature of HIV infection of the brain.

Absence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and trkB receptor immunoreactivity in glia of Alzheimer's disease.

Alterations in the neuronal expression of some neurotrophins have been shown in various neurodegenerative processes, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glia may up-regulate neurotrophins and their high-affinity tyrosine kinase (trk) receptors in response to neural injury. In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encephalitis, activated microglia were shown to express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while reactive astrocytes expressed trkB receptor.

Tyramide signal amplification method in multiple-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.

The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) method has recently been introduced to improve the detection sensitivity of immunohistochemistry. We present three examples of applying this method to immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopy: (1) single labeling for CD54 in frozen mouse brain tissue; (2) double labeling with two unconjugated primary antibodies raised in the same host species (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 and CD68) in paraffin-biopsied human lymphoid tissue; and (3) triple labeling for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and HLA-DR in paraffin-autopsied human brain tissue. The TSA method, when properly optimized to individual tissues and primary antibodies, is an important tool for immunofluorescence microscopy.