In search of consensus: Terminology for entheseal changes (EC).

This article presents a consensus terminology for entheseal changes that was developed in English by an international team of scholars and then translated into French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and German. Use of a standard, neutral terminology to describe entheseal morphology will reduce misunderstandings between researchers, improve the reliability of comparisons between studies, and eliminate unwarranted etiological assumptions inherent in some of the descriptive terms presently used in the literature.

Tarsal and tarsometatarsal coalitions from Mound C (Ocmulgee Macon Plateau site, Georgia): implications for understanding the patterns, origins, and antiquity of pedal coalitions in Native American populations.

Tarsal and tarsometatarsal coalitions are malsegmentation errors that result in incomplete division between two or more normally separate bones of the foot. Coalitions may be osseous, characterized by bony union, or non-osseous, in which the affected elements are united by fibrous tissue, cartilage, or some combination of both. Evidence indicates that non-osseous coalitions are frequently overlooked or misinterpreted in skeletal samples.

Test of the relationship between sutural ossicles and cultural cranial deformation: results from Hawikuh, New Mexico.

A number of researchers have hypothesized that the biomechanical forces associated with cultural cranial deformation can influence the formation of sutural ossicles. However, it is still difficult to make definitive conclusions about this relationship because the effects appear to be quite weak, and contradictory results have been obtained when specific sutures and deformation types are compared across studies. This research retests the hypothesis using a single archeological sample of lamdoidally deformed, occipitally deformed, and undeformed crania from Hawikuh, New Mexico (AD 1300-1680).

Brief communication: unusual finding at Pueblo Bonito: multiple cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna.

Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a disease characterized by excess bone growth on the internal lamina of the frontal bone and, occasionally, other cranial bones. Although the disease is fairly common in modern populations, its etiology is poorly understood. Hyperostosis frontalis interna has been identified in antiquity, primarily in the Old World, but with a much lower frequency than in modern groups.

The electrophile counterattack response: protection against neoplasia and toxicity.

Exposure of rodents or their cells in culture to low doses of a wide variety of chemical agents, many of which are electrophiles, evokes a coordinated metabolic response that protects these systems against the toxicity (including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity) of higher doses of the same or other electrophiles. This response involves enhanced transcription of Phase 2 enzymes: glutathione transferases, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, UDP-glucuronsyltransferases, and epoxide hydrolase, as well as the elevation of intracellular levels of reduced glutathione. We suggest that this cellular adaptation, which occurs in the liver and many peripheral tissues, be designated as the "Electrophile Counterattack" response.

Induction of glutathione transferases and NAD(P)H:quinone reductase by fumaric acid derivatives in rodent cells and tissues.

Dimethyl fumarate and dimethyl maleate are potent inducers of cytosolic NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase (here designated quinone reductase) activity in Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells in culture, whereas fumaric and maleic acids are much less potent, in agreement with the much greater reactivity of the esters as Michael reaction acceptors (P. Talalay, M. J.