Dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder in Poland: a clinical case description and diagnostic difficulties.

Purpose: Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by the presence of a minimum of two identities. Each identity has different fixed patterns of perception, establishing relationships, and thinking about itself and the environment in which it lives. The etiology of dissociative identity disorder is still not fully understood.

Selective mutism - an overview of the condition and etiology: is the absence of speech just the tip of the iceberg?

The inability to speak in certain situations, as one may briefly characterize selective mutism (SM), according to the most recent classifications (DSM-5, ICD-11) belongs to the anxiety disorder spectrum. The onset of mutism in early childhood may impair further development and adversely affect educational achievements. It is essential that psychiatrists, as well as other physicians, speech therapists, nurses and teachers are familiar with this disorder, since the early start of treatment is associated with better prognosis.