Analysing the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on route choice behaviour in train networks.

Introduction: Unlike previous pandemics, COVID-19 has sustained over a relatively longer period with cyclical infection waves and numerous variants. Public transport ridership has been hit particularly hard. To restore travellers' confidence it is critical to assess their risk determinants and trade-offs.

Aretaeus on migraine and headache.

Aretaeus of Cappadocia's classification of headache has been referred to for many centuries. Several Latin translations and an English translation (1856) of his books have been published in the past. We translated the pertinent texts on headache from the Greek text as published by Hude in 1958.

Convulsions due to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier in experimental cerebral malaria can be prevented by splenectomy or anti-T cell treatment.

Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) can be induced in C57B1 mice by infection with Plasmodium berghei K173 parasites. Behavioral changes shortly before they die of ECM may reflect disturbance of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Folic acid elicits strong convulsive activity if the permeability of the BBB is increased.

Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells prevents Plasmodium berghei induced cerebral malaria in end-stage disease.

The role of T-cells in development of experimental cerebral malaria was analysed in C57B1/6J and C57B1/10 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei K173 or Plasmodium berghei ANKA by treatment with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAbs. Mice were protected against cerebral malaria (CM) when anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAbs were injected before or during infection. Even in mice in end-stage disease, i.

Attenuated immunogenic parasites are essential in the transfer of immunity to virulent Plasmodium berghei.

A less virulent parasite of Plasmodium berghei K173 was isolated that induced immunity against the more virulent parasite. Immunity to this parasite but not to the virulent one, could be transferred by immune spleen cells but not by immune lymph node cells. However, the immune spleen cells did transfer immunity to the virulent strain if accompanied by infection with viable parasites of the less virulent strain, but only if they were allowed to proliferate for a period of 1 week before challenge with the virulent strain.

Is Recormon less painful than Eprex after subcutaneous administration?

In this study, we examined the differences in pain score after subcutaneous injection of the epoetin preparations Eprex and Recormon. Patients (n = 30) received 5 injections Eprex and 5 injections Recormon in a randomized double-blind sequence. 10 Min after receiving the injection the patient was asked to complete a visual and a verbal analogue scale and two descriptive scales.

[The patient exhibited; clinical demonstration and clinical lessons in the Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde].

The evolution of clinical demonstrations and of the illustrations is discussed, with reference to the importance of sharpening observation as a medical method. It is especially in the section 'Clinical Lessons' in the Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde that the way in which the patient is shown in illustrations is considered in detail, including the question to what extent limits were imposed on what was considered permissible in illustrations.

The need for live parasites for long-term immunity in malaria.

All of the results of the various experiments support a role for living, proliferating parasites in the efficient induction of anti-parasitic as well as anti-disease (CM) immunity. Non-proliferating parasites or material from disrupted parasites are poor or non-antigens in this respect. Three possibilities as to why living parasites are important in immunity could be considered: 1.

Impaired immune responsiveness in Plasmodium berghei immune mice.

Mice immunized against Plasmodium berghei parasites by drug-controlled infection exhibited decreased immunoresponsiveness against rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). Increasing RRBC antigen dose increased responsiveness, but agglutinating anti-RRBC antibodies of the IgG class remained undetectable. Clearance of colloidal carbon from the bloodstream of malaria-immunized mice was not different from controls.

Thin-basement-membrane nephropathy in adults with persistent hematuria.

Thin-basement-membrane nephropathy, also called benign recurrent hematuria, is characterized by diffuse thinning of the glomerular basement membrane and by hematuria. To determine the incidence of thin-basement-membrane nephropathy among patients with idiopathic hematuria, we conducted a prospective study in the nephrology units of three large hospitals in the Netherlands. Eighty normotensive adults without azotemia underwent renal biopsy because of recurrent macroscopic hematuria (n = 26) or persistent microscopic hematuria (n = 54).

Neurological manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES).

The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disease, characterized by a long lasting hypereosinophilia of the blood and the marrow and by the presence of varying internal symptoms and frequent neurological signs. These latter can be as well central: encephalomalacy, organic psycho-syndrome, as peripheral: polyneuropathy or mononeuropathia multiplex, autonomic neuropathy and in rare cases a polymyositis. The disease clinically resembles very to periarteriitis nodosa (PAN).

Epidemiology of idiopathic glomerular disease: a prospective study.

In this study incidence rates of idiopathic glomerular disease in 1.5 X 10(6) Dutch adults between 16 and 65 years of age were determined, as well as the prevalence of these diseases in terms of indication for renal biopsy. The study was conducted between 1978 and 1985; indications for renal biopsy in decreasing hierarchical order were recently discovered uremia, nephrotic syndrome, chronic hematuria of less than two years duration with or without proteinuria or disturbed renal function, and chronic proteinuria of less than two years duration, of unknown origin.

Malarial immunity in pregnant mice, in relation to total and unbound plasma corticosterone.

A pregnancy dependent loss of malarial immunity is accompanied by an (excessive) increase of total as well as free plasma corticosterone. This loss of immunity was largely prevented by adrenalectomy. Moreover, malarial immunity was more sensitive to dexamethasone immunosuppression during pregnancy.

In vitro studies of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: inhibition by folate derivatives, folate antagonists, and monoamine derivatives.

Folate monoglutamates and folate antagonists have an inhibitory action on the activity of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in rat brain. The type of inhibition was studied for dihydrofolic acid using the Lineweaver--Burk transformation. Some of the monoamine alkaloids, the in vitro products of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, have either a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity.