Agonistic behaviour of dairy goats and sheep during feeding - A pilot study on Swiss farms with mixed rations.

Feeding mixed rations is a widely used practice for cattle to ensure the intake of a balanced diet and to reduce competition for food. It is unknown, whether mixed rations have the same advantages for small ruminants because they differ from cattle in their feeding and social behaviour. In this observational pilot study, an array of feeding and social behaviour of dairy goats and sheep fed ad libitum with mixed rations on Swiss farms was investigated.

Thrombotic and bleeding events, mortality, and anticoagulant use among 546,656 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States: a retrospective cohort study.

This study describes demographics, thrombotic and bleeding events, mortality, and anticoagulant use among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States. Premier Healthcare Database data were analyzed to identify inpatients with a discharge diagnosis for COVID-19 (ICD-10-CM code: U07.1) from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, and matched historical controls without COVID-19 (inpatients discharged between April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019).

Survey of occurrence in meat-producing rabbitries in Switzerland.

Background: An outbreak of salmonellosis due to Typhimurium was detected coincidentally in a Swiss meat rabbitry, given that surveillance of in rabbits is not mandatory in Switzerland.

Methods: To assess the extent of potentially subclinical carriage in meat rabbits, faecal pool samples of 50 farms (90% of Swiss commercial rabbitries) with ground covering litter and group housing were bacteriologically tested. Additionally, 236 rabbits showing clinical signs compatible with intestinal diseases, such as salmonellosis, were examined postmortem and analysed bacteriologically.

[Health, performance and use of medication in professional Swiss meat rabbit production].

Husbandry conditions for rabbits in Switzerland are at a high animal welfare level in international comparison. Wire mesh flooring is prohibited and group housing is mandatory up to the age of eight weeks. Despite these animal-friendly husbandry standards, animal losses seem to be a significant problem, although reliable data on professional Swiss meat rabbit production is lacking to date.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1 infection in a captive Seba's short tailed-fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) colony in Switzerland.

Background: Between February and April 2016, a slight increase in mortality was observed in a colony consisting of 400 captive Seba's short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata). These animals cohabited with other nocturnal animal species in a dome of a private zoo in Switzerland.

Results: Gross and histological analysis of two (14.

Effectiveness and Safety of Apixaban, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and Warfarin among Venous Thromboembolism Patients with Active Cancer: A U.S. Claims Data Analysis.

Background:  This study primarily evaluates the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding (MB) among patients with VTE and active cancer prescribed apixaban, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or warfarin, with claims data.

Methods:  Four U.S.

Prevalence and phylogeny of Chlamydiae and hemotropic mycoplasma species in captive and free-living bats.

Background: Bats are hosts for a variety of microorganisms, however, little is known about the presence of Chlamydiales and hemotropic mycoplasmas. This study investigated 475 captive and free-living bats from Switzerland, Germany, and Costa Rica for Chlamydiales and hemotropic mycoplasmas by PCR to determine the prevalence and phylogeny of these organisms.

Results: Screening for Chlamydiales resulted in a total prevalence of 31.

Antibody response to Influenza booster vaccination in Franches-Montagnes stallions supplemented with Equi-Strath : a randomized trial.

Bio-Strath is a plasmolyzed yeast product enriched with herbs, malt, honey and orange juice. In this study, the effect of Equi-Strath , the adapted product for horses, on the equine immune system was evaluated. A routine influenza booster vaccination was used as a model to study the effects of Equi-Strath supplementation on the immune response.

Estimated prevalence of undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in the United States.

Introduction: As atrial fibrillation (AF) is often asymptomatic, it may remain undiagnosed until or even after development of complications, such as stroke. Consequently the observed prevalence of AF may underestimate total disease burden.

Methods: To estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed AF in the United States, we performed a retrospective cohort modeling study in working age (18-64) and elderly (≥65) people using commercial and Medicare administrative claims databases.

Payer and Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Considerations for Outcomes-Based Agreements in the United States.

Background: Considerable interest exists among health care payers and pharmaceutical manufacturers in designing outcomes-based agreements (OBAs) for medications for which evidence on real-world effectiveness is limited at product launch.

Objectives: To build hypothetical OBA models in which both payer and manufacturer can benefit.

Methods: Models were developed for a hypothetical hypercholesterolemia OBA, in which the OBA was assumed to increase market access for a newly marketed medication.

Real-World Data: Policy Issues Regarding their Access and Use.

As real-world data (RWD) in health care begin to cross over to the Big Data realms, a panel of health economists was gathered to establish how well the current US policy environment further the goals of RWD and, if not, what can be done to improve matters. This report summarizes these discussions spanning the current US landscape of RWD availability and usefulness, private versus public development of RWD assets, the current inherent bias in terms of access to RWD, and guiding principles in providing quality assessments of new RWD studies. Three main conclusions emerge: (1) a business case is often required to incentivize investments in RWD assets.

Primary Nonadherence, Associated Clinical Outcomes, and Health Care Resource Use Among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Prescribed Treatment with Injectable Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs.

Background: Adherence to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is often suboptimal in routine clinical practice. Low or nonadherence can reduce the effectiveness of bDMARD therapies.

Objective: To evaluate filling of newly prescribed initial bDMARDs for the treatment of RA and evaluate potential for characterizing treatment decisions and patient outcomes.

Relationship of hospital-associated bleeding with length of stay and total hospitalization costs in patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation.

Background: While literature has focused on the impact of bleeding beginning outside the hospital setting among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), there is little information regarding bleeding that first occurs within a hospital setting. This study was performed to determine the association between hospital-associated bleeding in patients admitted for AF on outcomes of length of stay (LOS) and total hospitalization cost.

Methods And Results: The Premier research database was queried to identify adult inpatients discharged between 2008-2011 having a primary diagnosis code for AF where a bleeding diagnosis code was not present on admission.

Real-world evaluation of TNF-inhibitor utilization in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: To evaluate 12-month treatment patterns, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), following initiation of index TNF inhibitors (TNFi) and subsequent biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs).

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of adults with RA newly initiating TNFi in the Truven Marketscan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental Databases during 2010-2013. A sub-group of patients who switched to a bDMARD within 12 months post-index and within 180 days of last index TNFi were subsequently evaluated over 12 months.

Economic Burden of Undiagnosed Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in the United States.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be clinically silent and therefore undiagnosed. To date, no estimates of the direct medical cost of undiagnosed AF exist. We estimated the United States (US) incremental cost burden of undiagnosed nonvalvular AF nationally using administrative claims data.

Medical Costs of Oral Anticoagulants vs Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation Patients with Different Stroke Risks.

Introduction: The Apixaban for the Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE), Randomized Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY), and Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET-AF) trials demonstrated that the oral anticoagulants (OACs), apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban, respectively, are efficacious for stroke prevention among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. Based on clinical trial results this study evaluated medical costs of clinical events associated with use of individual OACs relative to those of warfarin in NVAF patients with moderate and high stroke risk.

Methods: Rates for primary and secondary efficacy and safety outcomes (i.

Estimated medical cost reductions associated with use of novel oral anticoagulants vs warfarin in a real-world non-valvular atrial fibrillation patient population.

Objective: RESULTS of randomized clinical trials (RCT) demonstrate that novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are effective therapies for reducing the risk of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Prior medical cost avoidance studies have used warfarin event rates from RCTs, which may differ from patients receiving treatment in a real-world (RW) setting, where the quality of care may not be the same as in a RCT. The purpose of this study was to estimate the change in medical costs related to stroke and major bleeding for each NOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, and rivoraxaban) relative to warfarin in a RW NVAF population.

Health care burden of dyspepsia among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients.

Background: Although dyspepsia is common among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients, its impact on patient health and cost has not been adequately studied.

Objective: To evaluate the incremental health care burden associated with dyspepsia among NVAF patients and its impact on warfarin treatment.

Methods: NVAF patients ≥ 18 years of age with continuous insurance coverage were identified (January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2009) from the MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Research databases.

Estimation of the impact of warfarin's time-in-therapeutic range on stroke and major bleeding rates and its influence on the medical cost avoidance associated with novel oral anticoagulant use-learnings from ARISTOTLE, ROCKET-AF, and RE-LY trials.

Warfarin's time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) is highly variable among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of variations in wafarin's TTR on rates of stroke/systemic embolism (SSE) and major bleedings among NVAF patients in the ARISTOTLE, ROCKET-AF, and RE-LY trials. Additionally, differences in medical costs for clinical endpoints when novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) were used instead of warfarin at different TTR values were estimated.

Comparison of Medical Costs of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Unsuitable for Warfarin Treatment With Apixaban or Aspirin Based on AVERROES Trial.

Background: The AVERROES trial name is the following: The Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment (AVERROES) trial demonstrated that apixaban reduced the risk of stroke relative to aspirin, without significantly increasing major bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) considered unsuitable for warfarin therapy. Based on AVERROES trial results, this study compared the medical costs for clinical end points among patients with AF treated with either apixaban or aspirin.

Methods: Medical costs per patient-year for clinical events were determined.

Bleeding as an outcome among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in a large managed care population.

Background: Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) are at increased risk for stroke and bleeding events, but bleeding as an outcome has not been extensively studied in this patient population.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to estimate the incidence of bleeding events among patients with NVAF enrolled in managed care, investigate the relationships between bleeding incidence and bleeding and stroke risks, and estimate health care costs for patients who had a major bleeding event.

Methods: Adults with commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage coverage and health care claims related to AF between January 2005 and June 2009 but with no evidence of valvular disease were included in this retrospective claims data analysis.

Estimated medical cost reductions associated with apixaban in real-world patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Objective: The Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial demonstrated that apixaban was effective in reducing the risk of stroke and major bleeding in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. Medical cost avoidance studies for oral anticoagulants have used warfarin event rates from clinical trials, which may not reflect the real-world (RW) setting. This study aimed to estimate the difference in medical costs associated with apixaban instead of warfarin in RW NVAF patients.

Medical costs in the US of clinical events associated with oral anticoagulant (OAC) use compared to warfarin among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients ≥75 and <75 years of age, based on the ARISTOTLE, RE-LY, and ROCKET-AF trials.

Objectives: Based on clinical trials the oral anticoagulants (OACs) apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban are efficacious for reducing stroke risk for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. Based on the clinical trials, this study evaluated the medical costs for clinical events among NVAF patients ≥75 and <75 years of age treated with individual OACs vs warfarin.

Methods: Rates for primary and secondary efficacy and safety outcomes (i.