Metabolomics targets tissue-specific responses in alleviating the negative effects of salinity in tef (Eragrostis tef) during germination.

Salinity induced metabolite responses resulted in differential accumulation of flavonoids and antioxidant metabolites in shoots and roots suggesting improved antioxidant capacity in providing salt-adaptive phenotype of tef seedling. Tef [(Eragrostis tef) (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important 'cash crop' of Ethiopia grown mainly for human food, and development of elite tef cultivars with better performance is vital to Ethiopian farmers and breeders.

Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast.

In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of 2H2O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum.

Physiological processes of aging: are there special nutritional requirements for elderly people? Do McCay's findings apply to humans?

Aging is characterized by shrinkage of muscle fibers and loss of protein from them. Bone is also lost, and matrix and mineral are lost together. The predominance of breakdown over synthesis is probably the fundamental cause of both muscle and bone loss.

Contemporary human diets and their relation to health and growth: overview and conclusions.

Contemporary human diets are probably as diverse now as they have ever been in the history of mankind. The abundance of food in the western world is in stark contrast to the lack of food and near starvation in parts of Africa, the continent where Homo sapiens evolved. The development of agriculture has enabled the population of the world to expand and to colonize almost the whole of its land surface, but the dependence on one staple food has introduced problems.

The composition of body tissues (II). Fetus to young adult.

The composition of body tissues is a function of the age, nutrition, state of health and physical activity of the individual. In this paper, the effects of age on the composition of healthy tissues are reviewed. Eleven soft tissues (adipose tissue, blood--whole, brain--whole, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle--skeletal, placenta, skin and spleen) and cortical bone are considered.

Upper limits of intakes of total fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formulas.

The upper limit for fat in infant formulas in the United States is 6 g per 100 kcal. This concentration of fat, similar to that of human milk, seems appropriate for fats that are well absorbed. The upper limit for linoleic acid recommended by the working party in the United Kingdom was 1200 mg per 100 kcal.

Effects of suckling and the postsuckling fast on weights of the body and internal organs of harp and hooded seal pups.

The weights of harp seal pups quadruple during 13 days of suckling while hooded seal pups double in weight in a lactation period of just 4 days. Pups of both species then fast for a month or longer. As a first measure of tissue responses to this 'feast and famine' pattern, we weighted the body, sculp (blubber and attached skin), core (carcass including viscera) and major internal organs of seal pups at birth, at the end of suckling, and at the end of the fast.

How much food does man require? An evaluation of human energy needs.

Nutritional individuality is a characteristic of mankind and this is as true of energy intakes and needs as of other attributes. Studies over the years have shown that individuals vary by a factor of two or more in their intakes of energy from the first year after birth to 75 years and over. The metabolic differences that must lie behind this are still not fully understood.

Effect of heat on the anaphylactic-sensitising capacity of cows' milk, gots' milk, and various infant formulae fed to guinea-pigs.

Cows' milk--fresh, boiled, and processed in different ways for the domestic market, and various infant milk formulae--was investigated for its sensitising capacity in the guinea-pig after being fed for 37 days. The anaphylactic sensitising capacity was considerably reduced by heat-treatment. As heat becomes more intense and more prolonged so beta-lactoglobulin and casein become less sensitising.

Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. V. The fatty acid composition of brain lipids at birth.

Pregnant guinea pigs were fed on one of three diets: a commercial low-fat diet or a high-fat diet containing either maize oil or beef dripping. The young were killed at birth, the brain removed and dissected into three regions; the cerebellum, cerebrum and stem. The fatty acid composition of the major phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was determined using gas chromatography.