Aluminum chloride hexahydrate in a salicylic acid gel base: a case series of combination therapy with botulinum toxin type A for moderate to severe hyperhidrosis.

Hyperhidrosis is a common condition that has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of patients. For moderate to severe hyperhidrosis, topical aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AC), iontophoresis, and botulinum toxin type A injections are first-line therapies. Botulinum toxin type A has been a useful addition to the hyperhidrosis armamentarium and typically is utilized when topical therapy or iontophoresis have failed.

Alteration in hair texture following regrowth in alopecia areata: a case report.

Background: Alopecia areata is a common cause of hair loss seen in 3.8% of patients in dermatology clinics and in 0.2% to 2.

Laser therapy in black skin.

This article provides a systematic overview of laser, light, and other energy devices for patients of African descent. It also reviews complications in skin of color and some treatment options for these adverse events.

The Expression of Toll-like Receptors in Dermatological Diseases and the Therapeutic Effect of Current and Newer Topical Toll-like Receptor Modulators.

Toll-like receptors are a group of glycoproteins located mostly in cellular membranes, capable of recognizing certain molecules in exogenous microorganisms and initiating immune responses against them through the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways. Toll-like receptors can be stimulated when an inflammatory reaction is needed for the treatment of conditions, such as viral infections or skin cancer, or can be inhibited when a reduction of inflammation is necessary for the treatment of conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and septic shock. In the human skin, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells are known to express these receptors.

Innovative therapies in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are benign fibrous overgrowths of scar tissue, which results from an abnormal response to trauma. Several therapeutic modalities have been described for the treatment and prevention of these conditions, but the optimal management approach has not yet been defined. This article reviews the most recent, innovative, therapeutic strategies for the management of hypertrophic scars and keloids, including mitomycin-C, tamoxifen citrate, methotrexate, imidazolaquinolines, retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors, phenylakylamine calcium channel blockers, botulinum toxin, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, hepatocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-10, manosa-6-phosphate, transforming growth factor beta, antihistamines, and prostaglandin E2.

Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most frequent types of cancer in the United States and represent 75 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of all nonmelanoma skin cancers. Since ultraviolet radiation is implicated in their development, photoprotection is fundamental in their prevention. Additional preventive measures include identifying high-risk individuals for early detection along with using agents, such as retinoids, that are effective in decreasing the risk of premalignant cells further developing into carcinomas.

Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis.

Actinic keratosis (AK) represents the initial intraepidermal manifestation of abnormal keratinocyte proliferation with the potential of progression to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). When in limited numbers, clinically visible AKs are treated individually with ablative and/or surgical procedures (lesion-directed treatment), while multiple and sublinical AKs are treated with field-directed therapies that use ablative, nonablating and other topically applied treatment modalities. Owing to difficulties in predicting which AK will progress to SCC, the general rule is to treat all AKs.

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate in a salicylic Acid gel: a novel topical agent for hyperhidrosis with decreased irritation.

Hyperhidrosis is a common dermatological condition that has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of affected patients. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is considered first-line therapy for patients with mild-to-moderate hyperhidrosis. This treatment has been proven to be effective in the treatment of hyperhidrosis; however, its use has been limited by significant irritation.