Modeling urban wasp nest occurrences using 119 fire service reports, LiDAR, and hyperspectral imagery: The role of green spaces and structural factors.

The increasing presence of wasp nests in urban areas raises ecological, economic, and public safety concerns. This study integrates 10 years (2014-2023) of data from 119 fire service reports, high-resolution LiDAR-derived structural information, hyperspectral imagery, and urban microclimate analysis to examine the spatial distribution and key environmental factors influencing wasp nest occurrences in Gwacheon, South Korea. The results indicate a 4.