Magnesium and potassium supplementation in the prevention of diabetic vascular disease.

Vascular disease underlies many of the complications of diabetes and includes coronary, cerebral, renal, peripheral and retinal vascular abnormalities. Magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) deficiencies occur frequently in diabetic patients. Because of the vasoconstrictive effects of hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia and the adverse effects of Mg and K deficiency on carbohydrate metabolism we hypothesize that routine Mg and K supplementation of all hypomagnesemic diabetics will ameliorate or prevent the ravages of diabetic vascular disease.

Electrolyte & water metabolism in sports activities.

Few studies in water and electrolyte metabolism during sports activities have directed attention to magnesium. Addition of magnesium to sports beverages in appropriate concentrations appears to be safe. This article considers the potential role and availability of magnesium in fluid repletion during sports activities.

Clinical disorders of magnesium metabolism.

Normal Mg metabolism has been reviewed. The most expeditious method of identifying disorders of Mg deficiency or excess is to order a serum Mg determination. In our opinion, routine serum Mg would significantly enhance the clinician's ability to identify disorders of Mg metabolism.

Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure.

Electrolyte balance has been regarded as a factor important to cardiovascular stability, particularly in congestive heart failure. Among the common electrolytes, the significance of magnesium has been debated because of difficulty in accurate measurement and other associated factors, including other electrolyte abnormalities. The serum magnesium level represents < 1% of total body stores and does not reflect total-body magnesium concentration, a clinical situation very similar to that of serum potassium.

Magnesium homeostasis and clinical disorders of magnesium deficiency.

Objective: To survey the causes of clinical hypomagnesemia and Mg deficiency. The relationship of hypomagnesemia to digitalis toxicity, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and acute myocardial infarction is discussed, as is the clinical interrelationship of Mg and K concentrations, the principal intracellular cations.

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search and retrieval was used to identify relevant references.

Intravenous magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

Objective: To review the methods and summarize the findings of clinical trials evaluating the use of intravenous magnesium (Mg2+) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI); to discuss serum Mg2+ in AMI and the potential mechanisms by which intravenous Mg2+ may be effective. Tables are used extensively to provide detailed information about the various trials.

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was used to identify pertinent literature.

Metabolic correlates of theophylline therapy: a concentration-related phenomenon.

Objective: To determine the relationship of serum theophylline concentration with electrolyte and glucose abnormalities across a broad range of theophylline concentrations.

Design: Retrospective review of a computerized laboratory database between June 1, 1984 and June 1, 1986.

Setting: A midwestern university medical center.

Refractory potassium repletion. A consequence of magnesium deficiency.

Experimental and clinical observations support the view that uncorrected magnesium (Mg) deficiency impairs repletion of cellular potassium (K). This is consistent with the observed close association between K and Mg depletion. Concomitant Mg deficiency in K-depleted patients ranges from 38% to 42%.

Acceptability and effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions on electrolyte homeostasis during field training.

Two lemon-lime flavored 2.5% carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (CE1 supplemented with Na+, K+, and Mg+; and CE2 supplemented with NA+) were compared to plain water (water) and lemon-lime flavored water placebo (placebo) to evaluate their acceptability and consumption during 8 days of field training in hot weather. Acceptability ratings and consumption of CE2 and the flavored water placebo were similar and greater, respectively, than those for CE1.

Incidence of hypohydration when consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during field training.

Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (CE1, CE2) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the incidence of hypohydration during field training in hot weather (max Tamb = 88 degrees-100 degrees F). Hydration status was monitored twice daily in Army reservists who consumed ad libitum CE1, or CE2, or water, or a flavored water placebo. The water group had the highest percentage incidence of urine specific gravity greater than or equal to 1.

Health screening in elderly Oklahomans.

A total of 550 males and 457 females in their 60s and 70s were screened for height and weight, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, and hemoglobin. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software. Male values were abnormal for all screening parameters except for cholesterol.

Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during field training: an overview.

The rationale and methods of evaluating two carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions at a field training exercise in hot weather are presented in this overview. The carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions were formulated to produce a multipurpose replacement beverage which could satisfy diverse requirements of troops working in hot climates. Several uses of these beverages include replacement of electrolytes and fluid while in Mission Oriented Protective Posture IV, fluid replacement for mild heat casualties, and oral rehydration therapy for treatment of diarrheal losses.

Routine serum magnesium determination: a contemporary clinical imperative.

Identification of hypomagnesaemia or hypermagnesaemia is presently the most expeditious method of clinically identifying perturbations in Mg metabolism. Clinicians may overlook as much as 90% of clinical hypomagnesaemia and hypermagnesaemia when serum Mg is determined on order versus on a routine basis. Routine serum Mg determination will facilitate management of digitalis toxicity in patients who are not currently identified as being hypomagnesaemic as well as preventing the occurrence of refractory K repletion.

Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine.

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of identifying serum magnesium abnormalities by comparing physician-initiated requests for this analyte with routine magnesium determinations. Because magnesium abnormalities frequently accompany other electrolyte abnormalities, we measured magnesium in 1033 serum specimens submitted for electrolyte analyses. Physician-initiated requests for magnesium measurements were received for 81 (7.

Refractory potassium repletion due to cisplatin-induced magnesium depletion.

Cisplatin is a common cause of hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia due to renal magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) losses. Magnesium plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular K. An unrecognized and untreated Mg depletion can lead to a refractory K repletion.

Arginine-induced hypermagnesemia and hyperkalemia in nephrectomized rats.

This study examined the effect of arginine monohydrochloride infusion on serum Mg and K in nephrectomized rats. Hyperkalemia exceeded the hypermagnesemia both of which occurred in response to arginine infusion and/or metabolic acidosis. This observation is consonant with our earlier reports which demonstrated that the activity of K exceeded that of Mg in shifts between the intracellular and extracellular compartments under a variety of experimental conditions.

Magnesium deficiency: pathogenesis, prevalence, and clinical implications.

Hypomagnesemia is probably the most underdiagnosed electrolyte deficiency in current medical practice. Patients with cardiovascular disease who are at greatest risk for the development of magnesium deficiency are those treated with diuretics or digitalis. Both potassium and magnesium deficiencies are associated with increased ventricular ectopy and may increase the risk of sudden unexpected death.

Routine serum magnesium determination--a continuing unrecognized need.

Abnormalities of serum Mg may be the most underdiagnosed serum electrolyte abnormality in clinical practice today. The incidence appears to range from 12.5 to 20% on routine determination.