The effect of intravenous hydromorphone alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravenous (IV) hydromorphone alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.

Animals: A group of seven healthy, ophthalmologically normal, adult Beagle dogs.

Apparent differential phenotypic responses by kelp forest grazers to disease-driven removal of sea star predators.

The potential for aquatic gastropods to display phenotypic plasticity in response to predator cues is well documented. However, long-term phenotypic responses to predator exposure are difficult to evaluate at large scales in the field. Thus, the extent to which comparatively dilute predator cues experienced by natural snail populations influence morphometric development and whether energetic costs associated with defensive morphology have allometric impacts on other life-history characteristics is unclear.

Predicting the effect of fresh gas flow on tidal volume in volume-controlled mechanically ventilated dogs.

Objectives: To determine if the tidal volume (V) delivered (V) to canine patients being mechanically ventilated by a volume-controlled ventilator differed from the volume set on the ventilator (V) at three fresh gas flow (FGF) rates. To determine if V could be accurately predicted by an FGF-based mathematical model.

Study Design: Prospective proof-of-concept study.

Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial to assess gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia after hydromorphone premedication with or without acepromazine or dexmedetomidine.

Objective: To investigate whether premedication with hydromorphone alone or combined with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine affects the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery.

Animals: 39 healthy client-owned dogs undergoing general anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery between November 2016 and November 2018.

Procedures: For this prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial, dogs were randomly assigned to be premedicated with hydromorphone (0.

Iatrogenic ocular trauma associated with infraorbital block performed for rhinoscopy in a cat: case report and preliminary imaging findings.

Objectives: This paper describes a case of endophthalmitis in a feline patient caused by globe penetration during an infraorbital block performed to provide analgesia during rhinoscopy, and presents additional imaging and dissection data demonstrating risk of iatrogenic ocular trauma during infraorbital blocks in cats when the infraorbital canal is entered.

Methods: Case records and accompanying histopathologic reports were reviewed for the feline patient. Separately, two feline cadavers were imaged using CT following placement of 5/8" 25 G needles or 1" 22 G over the needle catheters in the infraorbital canal.

Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study.

Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to compare the quality of sedation and ease of intravenous (IV) catheter placement following sedation using two intramuscular (IM) sedation protocols in cats: hydromorphone, alfaxalone and midazolam vs hydromorphone and alfaxalone.

Methods: This was a prospective, randomized and blinded study. Cats were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of hydromorphone (0.

Postoperative regurgitation and respiratory complications in brachycephalic dogs undergoing airway surgery before and after implementation of a standardized perianesthetic protocol.

Objective: To determine whether implementation of a standardized perianesthetic protocol was associated with reduced incidence of postoperative regurgitation, pneumonia, and respiratory distress in brachycephalic dogs undergoing general anesthesia for airway surgery.

Animals: 84 client-owned dogs.

Procedures: A perianesthetic protocol that included preoperative administration of metoclopramide and famotidine, restrictive use of opioids, and recovery of patients in the intensive care unit was fully implemented for brachycephalic dogs in July 2014.

Effects of fentanyl administration on locomotor response in horses with the G57C μ-opioid receptor polymorphism.

OBJECTIVE To determine the locomotor response to the administration of fentanyl in horses with and without the G57C polymorphism of the μ-opioid receptor. ANIMALS 20 horses of various breeds and ages (10 horses heterozygous for the G57C polymorphism and 10 age-, breed-, and sex-matched horses that did not have the G57C polymorphism). PROCEDURES The number of steps each horse took was counted over consecutive 2-minute periods for 20 minutes to determine a baseline value.

Prostaglandin E2 promotes proliferation of skeletal muscle myoblasts via EP4 receptor activation.

We recently demonstrated that conditioned media (CM) from osteocytes enhances myogenic differentiation of myoblasts, suggesting that signaling from bone may be important for skeletal muscle myogenesis. The effect of CM was closely mimicked by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a bioactive lipid mediator in various physiological or pathological conditions. PGE2 is secreted at high levels by osteocytes and such secretion is further enhanced under loading conditions.

Cardiac thromboxane A2 receptor activation does not directly induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy but does cause cell death that is prevented with gentamicin and 2-APB.

Background: We have previously shown that the thromboxane (TXA2) receptor agonist, U46619, can directly induce ventricular arrhythmias that were associated with increases in intracellular calcium in cardiomyocytes. Since TXA2 is an inflammatory mediator and induces direct calcium changes in cardiomyocytes, we hypothesized that TXA2 released during ischemia or inflammation could also cause cardiac remodeling.

Methods: U46619 (0.

Evaluation of risk factors, including fluconazole administration, for prolonged anesthetic recovery times in horses undergoing general anesthesia for ocular surgery: 81 cases (2006-2013).

OBJECTIVE--To determine risk factors for prolonged anesthetic recovery time in horses that underwent general anesthesia for ocular surgery. DESIGN--Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS--81 horses that underwent general anesthesia for ocular surgery between 2006 and 2013.

FGF23 is a novel regulator of intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility in addition to cardiac hypertrophy.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone released primarily by osteocytes that regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. Recent observational studies in humans suggest that circulating FGF23 is independently associated with cardiac hypertrophy and increased mortality, but it is unknown whether FGF23 can directly alter cardiac function. We found that FGF23 significantly increased cardiomyocyte cell size in vitro, the expression of gene markers of cardiac hypertrophy, and total protein content of cardiac muscle.

A comparison of epidural morphine with low dose bupivacaine versus epidural morphine alone on motor and respiratory function in dogs following splenectomy.

Objective: To compare post-operative motor function in dogs that received epidural morphine and low dose bupivacaine versus epidural morphine alone following splenectomy.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized study.

Animals: 16 client owned dogs undergoing routine splenectomy.

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms within exon 1 of the canine mu-opioid receptor gene.

Objective: To determine the presence and frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within exon 1 of the canine mu-opioid receptor (MOR) gene.

Study Design: Prospective genetic analysis.

Animals: Seventy-five dogs of various breeds.

Use of wound soaker catheters for the administration of local anesthetic for post-operative analgesia: 56 cases.

Objective: To describe the administration of local anesthetic through wound soaker catheters for post-operative veterinary patients and to characterize complications.

Study Design: Retrospective study of hospital records.

Animals: Records of patients in which a wound soaker catheter was placed post-operatively between November 1, 2004 and July 1, 2006 at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Complementary and alternative medicine use as health self-management: rural older adults with diabetes.

Objective: . This study describes complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among rural older adults with diabetes, delineates the relationship of health self-management predictors to CAM therapy use, and furthers conceptual development of CAM use within a health self-management framework. Methods.

Ethnic disparities in glycemic control among rural older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Glycemic control is a predictor of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about how well older adults in rural communities, with limited access to self-care resources and specialty care practitioners, control their diabetes. Even less is known about whether minority, older, rural adults are at increased risk for poor glycemic control.

Evaluation of compliance among nursing staff in administration of prescribed analgesic drugs to critically ill dogs and cats.

Objective: To investigate the prescription of analgesic drugs to hospitalized critically ill dogs and cats and determine compliance of nursing staff in administering the prescribed analgesics.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Animals: 272 dogs and 79 cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit during a 2-month period.

Aging and eating in the rural, southern United States: beliefs about salt and its effect on health.

This paper draws upon qualitative research conducted among older adults in the rural, southern United States in which they articulated their beliefs and experiences with nutrition and foods, and lay models of the connection of diet with chronic disease. Salt emerged as a focus of contention. The goals of the paper are to (1) present the culturally constructed meaning of salt, (2) contrast the cultural meaning with biomedical views, and (3) discuss how these findings can be applied to health education and better doctor-patient communication.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose in a multiethnic population of rural older adults with diabetes.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) practices of 698 older adults with type 2 diabetes in the rural Southeast, to identify characteristics differentiating testers from nontesters, and to identify personal and support-related predictors of monitoring frequency.

Methods: The ELDER (Evaluating Long-term Diabetes Self-management Among Elderly Rural Adults) study was a population-based, cross-sectional survey of African American, Native American, and white Medicare recipients > or =65 years with diagnosed diabetes. Data were obtained through in-home interviews.

Genotoxicity assessment of oxirane-based dental monomers in mammalian cells.

The potential use of oxirane (epoxy) monomers in dental composite development raises the concern to test their genetic safety. Oxiranes can interact with DNA resulting in DNA damage, mutations, and possibly carcinogenesis. Our objective was to evaluate DNA damage and cell-cycle disruption in mammalian cells after exposure to epoxy monomers.

Electrolyte disturbances and cardiac arrhythmias in a dog following pamidronate, calcitonin, and furosemide administration for hypercalcemia of malignancy.

A 13-year-old dog was diagnosed with hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with adenocarcinoma of the anal sacs. Hypercalcemia was treated with intravenous (IV) 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), furosemide, calcitonin, and pamidronate.