Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat.

We assessed the extent to which a possible synchronization between transient blood glucose declines and spontaneous meal initiation would lend support to the interpretation of a preload study with isoenergetic (1 MJ) isovolumetric high-fat or simple carbohydrate (CHO) preload drinks. Ten men (18-30 yr) fasted overnight and then were time blinded and made aware that they could request meals anytime. At first meal requests, volunteers consumed a preload; ad libitum meals were offered at subsequent requests.

Appetite at "high altitude" [Operation Everest III (Comex-'97)]: a simulated ascent of Mount Everest.

We hypothesized that progressive loss of body mass during high-altitude sojourns is largely caused by decreased food intake, possibly due to hypobaric hypoxia. Therefore we assessed the effect of long-term hypobaric hypoxia per se on appetite in eight men who were exposed to a 31-day simulated stay at several altitudes up to the peak of Mt. Everest (8,848 m).

Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber.

Objective: Assessment of a possible relationship between perception of satiety and diet-induced thermogenesis, with different macronutrient compositions, in a controlled situation over 24 h.

Design: Two diets with different macronutrient compositions were offered to all subjects in randomized order.

Setting: The study was executed in the respiration chambers at the department of Human Biology, Maastricht University.

Predictors of weight maintenance.

Objective: To obtain predictors of weight maintenance after a weight-loss intervention.

Research Methods And Procedures: An overall analysis of data from two-long intervention studies [n=67 women; age: 37.9+/-1.

The appetizing effect of an apéritif in overweight and normal-weight humans.

Background: Epidemiologic studies have shown alcohol consumption to be inversely as well as positively related to body weight and body fat. Metabolic studies have shown an increase in energy intake as well as compensation after alcohol consumption.

Objective: Our objective was to assess the effects on energy intake of an apéritif compared with those of a water appetizer and 3 fruit juice appetizers.

Effect of exercise training on long-term weight maintenance in weight-reduced men.

This study investigated whether endurance training is effective for successful long-term weight maintenance after weight reduction. Fifteen male obese subjects (age, 37.3+/-5.

Functional food science and behaviour and psychological functions.

The impact of ingesting various foods on psychological and behavioural functions is a topic of both interest and concern to the general public. In this article, the scientific literature concerning demonstrated cause-and-effect relationships is reviewed, beginning with methodological considerations specific to the quantification of particular behaviours and psychological events. The essential function of food is to satisfy hunger and the need for essential nutrients.

A comparison of the effect of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on food intake, body weight, blood lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants levels and haemostasis variables.

Objectives: To compare the effects of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on fat and energy intake, body weight, plasma lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentrations and haemostasis variables.

Design: A multicentre open randomised controlled trial in which intervention and control groups were followed in parallel for six months. Volunteers had free access to 44 different foods either in reduced fat or full fat version, covering between 30 and 40% of energy intake.

The effect of exercise training on leptin levels in obese males.

The effect of endurance training on plasma leptin levels was investigated in 15 obese male subjects (age 37.3 +/- 5.2 yr, body weight 96.

Energy intake and body weight effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint.

Objective: Assessment of the effect of six months consumption of reduced fat or full fat products on energy intake and body weight, as a function of dietary restraint.

Design: A small realistic supermarket in the University departments provided full fat commercial products and their reduced fat alternatives. Volunteers visited the supermarket once a week.

Determinants of weight maintenance in women after diet-induced weight reduction.

Objective: Assessment of determinants for relatively successful weight maintenance in women after diet-induced weight reduction.

Design: Subjects followed two weight cycles over two years, each cycle starting with a Very Low Energy Diet (VLED) (2.8 MJ/d), in a free-living situation.

Energy and fat compensation during long-term consumption of reduced fat products.

The objective of this study was to investigate the behavioral response to the long term realistic consumption of reduced fat products. During six months, a control group of 103 subjects had free access to about 45 commercially available full-fat products, and a reduced-fat group of 117 subjects had access to the reduced fat equivalents. These experimental products covered about 37% of total energy intake in the control group and 30% of energy intake in the reduced fat group.

The effectiveness of long-term supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, fibre and caffeine on weight maintenance.

Objective: To investigate whether supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, dietary fibre and caffeine is effective for maintenance of weight-loss in the long-term.

Design: A longitudinal, double-blind, randomly assigned intervention study of 16 months with supplementation of either 50g of carbohydrates (CHO), 200 micrograms chromium-picolinate (Cr-Pic), 20g of soluble fibre plus 100 mg caffeine (CHO+) or 50g of plain CHO, for 16 months besides a very low energy diet (VLED) during the first two months.

Subjects: Thirty-three female obese subjects (age, 34.

Acute effects of exercise or sauna on appetite in obese and nonobese men.

To study the effect of exercise on appetite in men, hunger, thirst, taste perception, energy intake, and macronutrient choice were assessed in relation to exercise and to sauna; the latter was done to correct for dehydration and rise in body temperature. Since exercise is used to prevent and cure obesity, subjects included obese as well as nonobese men. Thirty subjects (25 +/- 7 years, BMI 22.

Effect of one week of fibre supplementation on hunger and satiety ratings and energy intake.

The effect of one week of supplementation with a water-soluble fibre (guar gum) was studied in obese women who had lost weight. In study 1 (N=17; mean+/-SEM: age 38.5+/-2.

The effectiveness of long-term fibre supplementation on weight maintenance in weight-reduced women.

Objective: To investigate whether fibre supplementation is effective in weight-reduced subjects for maintenance of weight-loss in the long-term.

Design: Longitudinal, randomly assigned intervention study with supplementation of 20 g of water soluble fibre (guar gum) daily for 14 months after an energy-restricted period of two months (VLCD).

Subjects: Thirty-one female, obese subjects (age: 41.

Effect of replacement of fat by nonabsorbable fat (sucrose polyester) in meals or snacks as a function of dietary restraint.

The effect of replacement of fat by nonabsorbable fat on energy intake and on feelings of hunger and satiety was assessed, in normal-weight dietary-restrained (n = 11), dietary-unrestrained (n = 13) and in postobese dietary-restrained women (n = 12), using 2 experimental designs. First, during breakfast and lunch on 2 sequential weekdays, 23 g of dietary fat was replaced by 23 g of a nonabsorbable fat. Second, dietary fat was replaced by a nonabsorbable fat in snacks consumed ad lib during a different week.

Diet-induced thermogenesis and satiety in humans after full-fat and reduced-fat meals.

Diet-induced thermogenesis was measured during and after a full-fat lunch, an identical but reduced-fat, reduced-energy lunch, and an iso-energetic reduced-fat lunch in 32 normal-weight men and women, age 35-55. Hunger and satiety were scored during and after the lunches, and their relationship to diet-induced thermogenesis was assessed. Diet-induced thermogenesis was relatively higher after the reduced-fat, reduced-energy lunch compared to the full-fat lunch (6.

A long-term study on the effect of spontaneous consumption of reduced fat products as part of a normal diet on indicators of health.

The growing public concern with the adverse effects on health of a high fat intake has led to a proliferation on the market of reduced fat products. However, no consensus exists on the effectivity of reduced fat products to decrease energy intake. The studies that have investigated this topic have included small numbers of subjects, studied under laboratory conditions and over a relatively short period of time.

Dietary fat and body fat: an intervention study.

Objective: Assessment of body composition in relation to the habitual diet and after a six month dietary intervention.

Design: After a baseline measurement subjects were randomly assigned to either a group consuming reduced-fat products or a group consuming full-fat products for six months.

Subjects: 108 women and 109 men, equally distributed over the age range 19-35 with BMI between 21 and 28, and the age range 36-55 with BMI between 24 and 30.

The role of macronutrient selection in determining patterns of food intake in obese and non-obese women.

Objective: Examination of the role of macronutrient selection in determining patterns of food intake in obese and non-obese women.

Design: Inventory: food intake diaries of two weekdays and one weekend day; EXPERIMENT randomized.

Setting: Inventory: in daily life.

Energy intake adaptation of food intake to extreme energy densities of food by obese and non-obese women.

Objective: Examination of energy intake in relation to energy density of food in obese and non-obese women. Assessment of energy and macronutrient intake over a day.

Design: Controlled food intake diaries of two weekdays and one weekend day.

Effects of liquid preloads with different fructose/fibre concentrations on subsequent food intake and ratings of hunger in women.

Preloads (250 ml) of 2% or 10% fructose containing 1% soluble fibre and 1% insoluble fibre or 10% fructose with 3% soluble fibre and 1% insoluble were administered 60 min before lunch to 24 healthy women, who were slightly overweight and considerably weight concerned. The fibre consisted of guar gum, partly hydrolysed for the soluble form. The placebo consisted of a solution of sweeteners (cyclamate and saccharin).

Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency.

Twenty women were offered two energy-reduced lunches in 48 h and five similar normal-energy lunches within a week, with snacks and evening meals provided and their own standard breakfasts. The subjects were categorized as "nibblers" or "gorgers" (10 per group), by the criterion of habitual eating of "snacks" between mealtimes. Compensatory energy intake occurred in the nibblers within 5 h of the "light" lunch.