Emissions of HFC-23 do not reflect commitments made under the Kigali Amendment.

HFC-23 (trifluoromethane) is a potent greenhouse gas released to the atmosphere primarily as a by-product of HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) synthesis. Since 2020, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol has required Parties to destroy their HFC-23 emissions to the extent possible. Here, we present updated HFC-23 emissions estimated from atmospheric observations.

Validation of a novel simulated tendon model for core suture tendon repair.

Introduction: Simulation training can develop surgical procedural skills in a safe environment. Able to offer high-intensity exposure, simulation is increasingly important as working time for surgeons becomes more protected. Materials used in simulated tendon repair play a critical role in the fidelity and face validity of the model.

Increases in Global and East Asian Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF) Emissions Inferred from Atmospheric Observations.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF) is a potent and long-lived greenhouse gas that is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductors, photovoltaic cells, and flat panel displays. Using atmospheric observations from eight monitoring stations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and inverse modeling with a global 3-D atmospheric chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), we quantify global and regional NF emission from 2015 to 2021. We find that global emissions have grown from 1.

Substantial increase in perfluorocarbons CF (PFC-14) and CF (PFC-116) emissions in China.

The perfluorocarbons tetrafluoromethane (CF, PFC-14) and hexafluoroethane (CF, PFC-116) are potent greenhouse gases with near-permanent atmospheric lifetimes relative to human timescales and global warming potentials thousands of times that of CO. Using long-term atmospheric observations from a Chinese network and an inverse modeling approach (top-down method), we determined that CF emissions in China increased from 4.7 (4.

Rising Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, -CF) Emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 Inferred from Atmospheric Observations.

Global atmospheric emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (-CF, PFC-318), a potent greenhouse gas, have increased rapidly in recent years. Combining atmospheric observations made at nine Chinese sites with a Lagrangian dispersion model-based Bayesian inversion technique, we show that PFC-318 emissions in China grew by approximately 70% from 2011 to 2020, rising from 0.65 (0.

Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF) is a potent greenhouse gas. Here we use long-term atmospheric observations to determine SF emissions from China between 2011 and 2021, which are used to evaluate the Chinese national SF emission inventory and to better understand the global SF budget. SF emissions in China substantially increased from 2.

Anthropogenic Chloroform Emissions from China Drive Changes in Global Emissions.

Emissions of chloroform (CHCl), a short-lived halogenated substance not currently controlled under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, are offsetting some of the achievements of the Montreal Protocol. In this study, emissions of CHCl from China were derived by atmospheric measurement-based "top-down" inverse modeling and a sector-based "bottom-up" inventory method. Top-down CHCl emissions grew from 78 (72-83) Gg yr in 2011 to a maximum of 193 (178-204) Gg yr in 2017, followed by a decrease to 147 (138-154) Gg yr in 2018, after which emissions remained relatively constant through 2020.

In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China.

Halogenated gases include ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorinated gases. In situ atmospheric observations of major halogenated gases were conducted at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) background station, China, from October 2020 to September 2021 using ODS5-pro, a newly developed measurement system. The measurement time series of 36 halogenated gases showed occasional pollution events, where background conditions represented 25% (CHCl) to 81% (CFCl, CFC-13) of the measurements.

A webinar series to educate applicants about the UK academic foundation programme: a longitudinal cross-sectional study.

Background: The UK academic foundation programme (AFP) is a competitive programme for medical graduates and forms the initial stage of the integrated clinical academic pathway. The application is complex and targeted education is beneficial. As online technologies improve, virtual medical education is becoming more common.

A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017-2021.

Global emissions of the ozone-depleting gas HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CHCClF) derived from measurements of atmospheric mole fractions increased between 2017 and 2021 despite a fall in reported production and consumption of HCFC-141b for dispersive uses. HCFC-141b is a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol, and its phase-out is currently underway, after a peak in reported consumption and production in developing (Article 5) countries in 2013. If reported production and consumption are correct, our study suggests that the 2017-2021 rise is due to an increase in emissions from the bank when appliances containing HCFC-141b reach the end of their life, or from production of HCFC-141b not reported for dispersive uses.

Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations.

With the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting substances continues to decrease slowly and the Antarctic ozone hole is showing signs of recovery. However, growing emissions of unregulated short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons are offsetting some of these gains. Here, we report an increase in emissions from China of the industrially produced chlorocarbon, dichloromethane (CHCl).

Bone Tumours of the Talus: 18-Year Cohort of Patients With Rare Osteoid Lesions.

Background Bone tumours of the talus are a rare cause of ankle pain. This study aims to provide additional clinical clarity regarding the presentation and management of a minimally researched topic. Methods Sixteen patients were diagnosed with bone tumour of the talus between 2002 and 2020 following referral for ankle pain.

Summary and recommendations from the workshop 'Integrating measurements and atmospheric-dispersion modelling to enhance the UK response to radiological atmospheric releases'.

Effective preparedness and response to an atmospheric release following a radiological incident relies on information concerning the source, transport and eventual removal of the contaminant. A notable improvement to emergency preparedness and response in the UK to airborne releases of radiological contaminants can be achieved through the integration of information sources, in particular environmental radiological measurements and atmospheric-dispersion modelling. A one-day workshop was organised by the UK Met Office and the University of Bristol, comprising private nuclear facility operators, public bodies, academia and others, on 6 February 2020 in Bristol, UK.

Emissions and Marine Boundary Layer Concentrations of Unregulated Chlorocarbons Measured at Cape Point, South Africa.

Unregulated chlorocarbons, here defined as dichloromethane (CHCl), perchloroethene (CCl), chloroform (CHCl), and methyl chloride (CHCl), are gases not regulated by the Montreal Protocol. While CHCl is the largest contributor of atmospheric chlorine, recent studies have shown that growth in emissions of the less abundant chlorocarbons could pose a significant threat to the recovery of the ozone layer. Despite this, there remain many regions for which no atmospheric monitoring exists, leaving gaps in our understanding of global emissions.

Source estimation of an unexpected release of Ruthenium-106 in 2017 using an inverse modelling approach.

For the first time since the Chernobyl accident, detectable concentrations of ruthenium-106 were measured across Europe in September and October 2017. The source of this radioactive cloud remains unconfirmed. In this paper we present a forensic inverse modelling study to simultaneously estimate the source location, timing and magnitude of the unexpected ruthenium-106 release using 473 measurements of atmospheric concentration.

Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations.

The recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer relies on the continued decline in the atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons. The atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), the second-most abundant chlorofluorocarbon, has declined substantially since the mid-1990s. A recently reported slowdown in the decline of the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 after 2012, however, suggests that global emissions have increased.

Can an Augmented Reality Headset Improve Accuracy of Acetabular Cup Orientation in Simulated THA? A Randomized Trial.

Background: Accurate implant orientation reduces wear and increases stability in arthroplasty but is a technically demanding skill. Augmented reality (AR) headsets overlay digital information on top of the real world. We have developed an enhanced AR headset capable of tracking bony anatomy in relation to an implant, but it has not yet been assessed for its suitability as a training tool for implant orientation.

Microtube device for selectin-mediated capture of viable circulating tumor cells from blood.

Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be used clinically to treat cancer. As a diagnostic tool, the CTC count can be used to follow disease progression, and as a treatment tool, CTCs can be used to rapidly develop personalized therapeutic strategies. To be effectively used, however, CTCs must be isolated at high purity without inflicting cellular damage.

Human genomic DNA analysis using a semi-automated sample preparation, amplification, and electrophoresis separation platform.

The growing importance of analyzing the human genome to detect hereditary and infectious diseases associated with specific DNA sequences has motivated us to develop automated devices to integrate sample preparation, real-time PCR, and microchannel electrophoresis (MCE). In this report, we present results from an optimized compact system capable of processing a raw sample of blood, extracting the DNA, and performing a multiplexed PCR reaction. Finally, an innovative electrophoretic separation was performed on the post-PCR products using a unique MCE system.

Detection of viral DNA in vestibular ganglia tissue from patients with Menière's disease.

Objective: The main goal of this study was to examine the vestibular ganglia from 11 patients with intractable classic Menière's disease (MD) for the presence or absence of DNA from three neurotropic viruses (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster virus) using exquisitely sensitive molecular biologic techniques.

Study Design: This was a prospective controlled study with vestibular ganglia from patients with MD and from patients with small vestibular schwannomas undergoing resection. Polymerase chain reaction was used for viral DNA detection from the ganglia along with known positive and negative polymerase chain reaction control subjects.

Detection of viral DNA in endolymphatic sac tissue from Menière's disease patients.

Neurotropic viruses have been postulated to play a role in the development of Menière's disease (MD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the endolymphatic sacs of patients undergoing surgery for MD in a single-blind study for evidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster (VZ), or cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used as the method of detection because of its sensitivity, specificity, and applicability to fresh, as well as fixed tissues.

Detection of cytomegalovirus in liver transplant biopsies. A comparison of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, duplex PCR and nested PCR.

The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 91 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded needle biopsies from 38 liver transplant patients with allograft dysfunction. Thirty donor liver biopsies served as negative controls. PCR results were compared with light microscopy (LM), immunohistochemical staining (IH) for CMV early and late antigen, and clinical data.