"Comparative analysis of predictors of failure for high-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis".

Objective: To assess a comparative analysis of the ROX index, Wood-Downes-Ferrés score (WDF), p-ROXI, and the SpO2/FiO2 ratio as predictors of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) failure in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis.

Methods: Data were extracted from the clinical trial "Comparison between HFNC and NIV in children with acute respiratory failure caused by bronchiolitis" conducted at a tertiary Brazilian hospital (Emergency Department and PICU). The inclusion criteria were children under 2 years of age admitted for bronchiolitis who developed mild to moderate respiratory distress and were eligible for HFNC therapy.

Pediatric liver transplant for acute liver failure: Defining the standard nutrition and clinical evolution: An observational study.

Background: Pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is a clinical diagnosis in which previously asymptomatic children exhibit a rapid loss of liver function.

Objectives: To describe the clinical and nutrition conditions at admission and during hospitalization in patients with PALF who underwent liver transplantation (LT) at a referral center and establish a possible association between nutrition status and prognosis in this population.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on children underwent LT because of PALF.

Structured respiratory physiotherapy protocol for resolution of atelectasis in pediatric intensive care.

Children are at higher risk of atelectasis due to their anatomical and physiological particularities. Several physiotherapy techniques are used to treat atelectasis, but only four studies cite methods in pediatric patients undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV). The objective of this study was to evaluate the Structured Respiratory Physiotherapy Protocol (SRPP) for airway clearance and lung reexpansion for infants on IMV with atelectasis.

Assessment of newborn neuropsychomotor development born with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the perinatal period using the Bayley III scale at 6 months of age.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the Neuropsychomotor Development (NPMD) of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the perinatal period using the Bayley III scale at 6 months of age.

Methods: Childcare appointments were scheduled for the included newborns in the study. During the 6-month consultation, the Screening Test for Bayley III Scale and, based on it, children were classified as "low risk", "moderate risk" or "high risk" in the domains: of cognitive, receptive language, expressive language, fine motor, and gross motor.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated via fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion improves outcome in a middle-income country.

Objectives: A recent European randomized trial - Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung Growth - demonstrated that fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) is associated with increased postnatal survival among infants with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). However, this differs in middle-income countries such as Brazil, where abortion is illegal and neonatal intensive care is inadequate. This study evaluated the effects of FETO on improving the survival of infants with moderate-to-severe CDH in isolated and non-isolated cases.

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in very-low birth weight newborns: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

This study aims to analyze the main risk factors for acute kidney injury in the subgroup of very-low birth weight newborns, using the diagnosing criteria of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) or the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). A systematic review of the literature was performed on the EMBASE and PubMed platforms. Studies that evaluated the risk factors for developing AKI in VLBW newborns were included.

Perinatal Results and Long-Term Follow-Up of Fetal Cardiac Tumors: A 30-Year Historical Cohort Study.

Background: This was a 30-year retrospective cohort study that approximates closely to the natural history of cardiac tumors diagnosed in the fetus, since there was no case of pregnancy interruption.

Objective: To assess morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period and at long term in fetuses diagnosed with cardiac tumor. Our secondary objective was to assess the evaluating factors of perinatal and postnatal results.

Association between Serum Lactate and Morbidity and Mortality in Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Lactate is a marker of hypoperfusion in critically ill patients. Whether lactate is useful for identifying and stratifying neonates with a higher risk of adverse outcomes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between lactate and morbidity and mortality in neonates.

Reassessing the role of milrinone in the treatment of heart failure and pulmonary hypertension in neonates and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Unlabelled: To evaluate milrinone's impact on pediatric cardiac function, focusing on its specific role as an inotrope and lusitrope, while considering its systemic and pulmonary vasodilatory effects. Search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to August 2023. We included all studies that evaluated milrinone in children under 18 years old in neonatal, pediatric, or cardiac intensive care units.

Clinical Aspects and Etiologic Investigation of Pediatric Patients With Acute Liver Failure.

A new outbreak of hepatitis of unknown origin raised awareness in the international community. A few reports have attempted to associate new cases with adenovirus infection and the immunologic effects of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections through a superantigen mechanism. Moreover, according to a case series, viral isolates were identified in 7 of 10 cases of pediatric patients with hepatitis of unknown origin and acute liver failure.

Factors associated with cholestasis in newborns with gastroschisis.

Objective: To describe the incidence and to analyze risk factors associated with cholestasis in neonates with gastroschisis.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary single center analyzing 181 newborns with gastroschisis between 2009 and 2020. The following risk factors associated with cholestasis were analyzed: gestational age, birth weight, type of gastroschisis, silo closure or immediate closure, days of parenteral nutrition, type of lipid emulsion, days of fasting, days to reach a full diet, days with central venous catheter, presence of infections, and outcomes.

Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Evaluation of Lung Volume in Fetuses with Abdominal Wall Defect.

Introduction: Abdominal wall defects (AWDs) interfere with postnatal respiratory parameters. We aimed to evaluate lung volume (LV) in fetuses with AWD using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) and to correlate AWD with the type (omphalocele and gastroschisis) and size of the defect and neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 72 pregnant women with fetuses with AWD and a gestational age <25 weeks.

Bullous lesions following phototherapy in a newborn.

A male infant presented with progressive jaundice immediately after birth. Fecal acholia and choluria associated with extensive bullous skin lesions in his trunk, abdomen, and upper and lower limbs developed during phototherapy. Several diagnostic hypotheses were presented, including neonatal porphyria, hemochromatosis, Alagille syndrome, and neonatal lupus.

Post-natal prognostic factors in CDH: experience of 11 years in a referral center in Brazil.

Objective: To describe post-natal risk factors associated with death in Newborns (NB) with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) in a Brazilian reference center.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, post-natal clinical factors of all NB diagnosed with CDH were reviewed in an 11-year period (2007‒2018). The primary outcome was death.

Severe irritability in a critically ill preterm infant: a case of delirium at the neonatal intensive care unit.

Delirium is a common disorder in intensive care units, being associated with greater morbidity and mortality. However, in neonatal intensive care units, delirium is rarely diagnosed, due to the low familiarity of the neonatologist with the subject and the difficulties in the applicability of diagnostic questionnaires. This case report aimed to assess the presence of this disorder in this group of patients and identify the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and treatment.

Effects of serum sodium and chloride levels in the outcome of critically ill pediatric patients in the post-operative period of liver transplantation.

Background: Sodium and chloride disturbances have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Many pathophysiological effects are associated with hyperchloremia, including reduction in mean arterial pressure and acute renal disease. Pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation are at risk of developing various electrolyte and biochemical abnormalities, with an impact on their postoperative outcomes.

Risk factors for shunting at 12 months following open fetal repair of spina bifida by mini-hysterotomy.

Objectives: Open spina bifida (OSB) is the most common neural tube defect. Prenatal repair reduces the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) due to hydrocephalus from 80-90% to 40-50%. We aimed to determine which variables work as risk factors for VPS at 12 months of age in our population.

Major discrepancy between clinical diagnosis of death and anatomopathological findings in adolescents with chronic diseases during 18-years.

Objectives: To evaluate the inconsistency between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings in adolescents with chronic diseases.

Methods: A cross-sectional study including a sample of adolescents' autopsies who died in a pediatric and adolescent tertiary hospital over 18 consecutive years. During this period, there were n = 2912 deaths, and n = 581/2912(20%) occurred in adolescents.

Thyroid dysfunction in infants with severe intestinal insufficiency: a case series.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the status of thyroid function in infants with severe intestinal dysfunction.

Case Description: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care center, including newborns and infants with severe intestinal dysfunction, hospitalized between 2015 and 2020. From the medical records, the following data were collected: gestational age, birth weight, underlying pathology that led to intestinal dysfunction, hospital stay, presence of thyroid dysfunction, age from the onset of thyroid dysfunction, initial and maximum dose of levothyroxine replacement, and levothyroxine administration route and outcome.

Identifying two distinct subphenotypes of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants using machine learning.

To use unsupervised machine learning to identify potential subphenotypes of preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The study was conducted retrospectively at a neonatal intensive care unit in Brazil. Patients with a gestational age < 28 weeks who had undergone at least one echocardiogram within the first two weeks of life and had PDA size > 1.

Complete blood count and C-reactive protein to predict positive blood culture among neonates using machine learning algorithms.

Purpose: The authors aimed to develop a Machine-Learning (ML) algorithm that can predict positive blood culture in the neonatal intensive care unit, using complete blood count and C-reactive protein values.

Methods: The study was based on patients' electronic health records at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in São Paulo, Brazil. All blood cultures that had paired complete blood count and C-reactive protein measurements taken at the same time were included.