[The surgical case reports of Hippocrates of Cos. Medical Practice in Ancient Greece].

Objective: Which theoretical and practical competences do the surgical case histories of the Hippocratic Corpus convey?

Method: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of single persons and groups of patients suffering from surgical diseases.

Results: Within the 7 books of the Hippocratic "Epidemics", a total of 18 patients with general and visceral surgical diseases are described. The main signs of the disorders were fever, pain, looseness, constipation, colic, swelling and bleeding, the most common affections abscesses, ruptures, ulcers and necroses.

[Medical practice in Ancient Greece : The orthopaedic and trauma surgery case reports of the Hippocratic Corpus].

Objectives: Which theoretical and practical competences do the orthopaedic and trauma surgery reports of the Hippocratic Corpus reveal?

Materials: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnostics, therapy and prognosis of orthopaedic diseases and traumatic lesions.

Results: The seven books of the Hippocratic "Epidemics" describe a total of 26 patients with orthopaedic diseases and traumatic lesions. In the field of orthopaedic diseases, arthritis, myo- and tenopathia and gangrene play a prominent role, among the consequences of injury the fracture of the skull (n = 10) is in first place.

[Medical practice in classical Greece : The neurological and psychiatric case reports of the Hippocratic Corpus].

Objective: Which theoretical and practical competences do the neurological and psychiatric case histories of the Hippocratic Corpus convey?

Material And Methods: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on the diagnostics, treatment and prognosis of single persons and groups of patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric diseases.

Results: In the 7 books of the Hippocratic Epidemics, a total of 128 patients with neurological and psychiatric symptoms are described. Epidemic fever and its variants were the leading predisposing conditions and the main symptoms were delirium, coma, insomnia, headache, speech disorders and convulsions.

[The urological case reports of the Hippocratic Corpus : Medical practice in classical Greece].

Objective: Which theoretical and practical competences do the urologic case histories of the Hippocratic Corpus convey?

Materials And Methods: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnostic methods, treatment, and prognosis related to urologic diseases.

Results: Within the seven books of the Hippocratic Epidemics, a total of 69 patients with urologic symptoms are described; in 21 cases the urologic disease is dominant. The leading clinical signs were urine discoloration and urinary sediment, polyuria, testicular swelling and pain, hematuria, stranguria, anuria, and renal pain, the most frequent diseases were nephritis and urolithiasis.

[Medical practice in classical Greece : The dermatological case reports in the Hippocratic Corpus].

Objectives: Which theoretical and practical competences do the dermatological case histories of the Hippocratic Corpus convey?

Materials: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnostics, therapy and prognosis of individuals and groups of patients suffering from skin diseases.

Results: Within the seven books of the Hippocratic 'Epidemics', a total of 49 patients with dermatological symptoms are described; in 20 of these, skin disease was the leading suffering. The essential clinical signs were itching, red spots, blisters, pustules, aphthae, lichen, dandruff and hair loss.

[The Galenic case reports on inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system].

Background: The case histories in the writings of the Greco-Roman physician Galen of Pergamum have so far been interpreted primarily in literary and socio-historic terms. Analysis focused on the medical aspects is still incomplete.

Question: Which competence for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system do the Galenic case reports communicate?

Study Design And Research Methods: The 358 Galenic case histories were studied for anamnestic, clinical, therapeutic, and epidemiological statements on inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

[Surgical case reports in the Corpus Galenicum].

Background: The case histories in the writings of the Greco-Roman physician Galen of Pergamum have so far been interpreted primarily in literary and sociohistoric terms. Analysis focused on the medical aspects is still incomplete.

Question: Which surgical competences do the Galenic case reports communicate?

Material And Method: The 358 Galenic case histories were studied for anamnestic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic statements on surgical diseases.

[Between anatomy and pathology : The dissection reports of Galen of Pergamum].

Background: The autopsy protocols in the work of the Greco-Roman physician Galen of Pergamum have so far primarily been examined from a literary and socio-historic point of view. An analysis focused on the medical aspects is still incomplete.

Objectives: Which pathologic-anatomic competence do the Galenic section reports convey?

Materials: The approximately 400 Galenic case histories were examined for anatomic and pathologic statements obtained during dissections of animals and men.

[The Greek-Roman physician Galen of Pergamum and his neurological case histories].

Background: The case histories in the writings of Galen of Pergamum have so far been interpreted primarily in literary and socio-historic terms. The analysis focused on the medical aspects is still incomplete.

Question: Which neurological competences do the galenic case reports communicate?

Material And Methods: The 400 galenic case histories were studied for anamnestic, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic statements on neurological and psychiatric diseases.

[Forecasts from the retort. A Greek gift of artificial intelligence : Interdisciplinary data analysis in preoperative imaging diagnostics].

The growing influence of artificial intelligence on radiology not only leads to a fundamental change in the way diagnoses are made but also creates a wealth of additional information. Many programs correlate the parameters of image evaluation with the results of histological, molecular biological and genetic examinations and from these they derive therapeutic and prognostic statements that are intended to serve the planning of individual precision medicine. This information is included in the findings report and is therefore also fully available to the patient; however, the information takes no account of influencing factors, such as the time lag between diagnosis and start of treatment, comorbidities as well as the availability and tolerability of drugs.

[Ganglion: a bundle of meanings : The history of development of a multifaceted medical term].

The variety of meanings of the term ganglion have their origins in the Greco-Roman antiquity. The first clue can be found in the works of Hippocrates who speaks of ganglionic tendon swellings. Later, Galen of Pergamum referred to the nodules of the prevertebral nerve cords discovered by him as ganglia.

Interpretation and Diplomacy Aspects of Authority and Care in Imaging Reports.

Whereas the creative performance of the physician for nuclear medicine is measured against his/her written report, the value of the message will not only be judged by the precision of the medical statement. The same result can be attributed to different words. Numerous habitual and accidental factors exert influence on the decision on what is said and what is not said, how it is assessed, and what is ignored.

Interpretation and Diplomacy Aspects of Authority and Care in Imaging Reports.

Whereas the creativity and intellectual power of the radiologist are measured against his/her written report, the value of the message will not only be judged by the precision of the medical statement. The same result can be attributed to different words. Numerous common and accidental factors exert influence on the decision on what is said and what is not said, how it is assessed and what is ignored.

The "creeping fat sign"-really diagnostic for Crohn's disease?

Background: Focal or regionally prominent mesenteric fat adjacent to wall-thickened bowel loops can be readily identified by computed tomography. The so-called creeping fat of the right lower quadrant is usually considered to be an important clue for diagnosing Crohn's disease. However, when the sign is isolated, indistinct, and not set in the proper clinical context, the radiologist should consider other inflammatory conditions of the bowel and its appendages.

[Organopathy: dealing with an interdisciplinary pathological term from the radiologist's point of view].

Organopathy is a common pathological term used by diagnostic radiologists. More than 100 different examples of organopathy can be found in the literature. The appellations are highly esteemed for their role as connecting links between the path anatomical substrate and the clinical symptoms in many frequent disorders.

[Propolis. The bee glue as presented by the Graeco-Roman literature].

The bee glue, commonly known as propolis, has been employed for medical purposes already in teh ancient world. More than 15 Greek and Roman authors report on the preparation and application of the so-called third natural product of the bees (besides honey and wax). Aristoteles described the fundamental issues of its biology in his 'Historia Animalium' correctly.

Fluoroscopy-guided application of corticosteroids for local control of manubriosternal joint pain in patients with spondyloarthropathies.

Symptomatic manubriosternal arthritis, occasionally encountered with spondyloarthropathies, may not be adequately controlled by systemic therapy. Local corticosteroid injections make a potential contribution to symptomatic management. Three patients with acute inflammation of the joint as documented by MRI and fluoroscopy-guided therapy are presented.

Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lanreotide, interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors--the International Lanreotide and Interferon Alfa Study Group.

Purpose: Somatostatin analogs and interferon alfa control hormone-active/functional neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. In addition to hormonal control, variable degrees of antiproliferative effects for both agents have been reported. Until now, however, no prospective, randomized studies in therapy-naive patients have compared somatostatin analogs or interferon alfa alone with a combination of the two.