Monoclinic sphere packings. I. Invariant, univariant and bivariant lattice complexes.

All homogeneous sphere packings were derived that refer to the two invariant, the four univariant and the three bivariant lattice complexes belonging to the monoclinic crystal system. In total, sphere packings of 29 types have been found. Only for five types is the maximal inherent symmetry of their sphere packings monoclinic whereas the inherent symmetry is orthorhombic for nine types, tetragonal for five types, hexagonal for six types and cubic for four types.

Orthorhombic sphere packings. III. Trivariant lattice complexes with mirror symmetry.

All homogeneous sphere packings and all interpenetrating layers of spheres were derived that refer to the 18 orthorhombic trivariant lattice complexes with mirror symmetry. In total, sphere packings of 51 different types have been found. Only for 28 of these types is the maximal inherent symmetry of their sphere packings orthorhombic.

Post-combustion syntheses of PCDD/F and PBDD/F from halogen-rich fuel is suppressed by a pebble heater technology.

Goal, Scope And Background: Changes in German and European legislation shifted processing of polymer-rich shredding residues (SR) from landfill to thermal treatment. However, when waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) is the source of SR, thermal treatment is complicated by halogens as well as the presence of polybrominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/F) and brominated flame retardants (BFR). Hence, WEEE requires high temperature incineration with sufficient residence times.

Orthorhombic sphere packings. II. Bivariant lattice complexes.

All homogeneous sphere packings and all interpenetrating layers of spheres were derived that refer to the 22 orthorhombic bivariant lattice complexes. In total, sphere packings of 90 different types have been found. Only for 47 of these types is the maximal inherent symmetry of their sphere packings orthorhombic.

Orthorhombic sphere packings. I. Invariant and univariant lattice complexes.

All homogeneous sphere packings and all interpenetrating sphere packings were derived that refer to the 6 invariant and the 11 univariant lattice complexes belonging to the orthorhombic crystal system. In total, sphere packings of 38 types have been found. Only for 17 types is the maximal inherent symmetry of their sphere packings orthorhombic.

Interpenetration of homogeneous sphere packings and of two-periodic layers of spheres.

All systems of interpenetrating sphere packings that occur with highest symmetry in the cubic, hexagonal or tetragonal crystal family are tabulated. Homogeneous sphere packings belonging to 49 different types may be intertwined to systems of interpenetrating sphere packings belonging to 74 types. For all compatible lattice complexes, the coordinate and lattice parameters are given.

Cytokine induction by purified lipoteichoic acids from various bacterial species--role of LBP, sCD14, CD14 and failure to induce IL-12 and subsequent IFN-gamma release.

We have recently shown that highly purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) represents a major immunostimulatory principle of Staphylococcus aureus. In order to test whether this translates to other bacterial species, we extracted and purified LTA from 12 laboratory-grown species. All LTA induced the release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10 in human whole blood.

The absence of D-alanine from lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid alters surface charge, enhances autolysis and increases susceptibility to methicillin in Bacillus subtilis.

In the physiological consequences of depriving lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid of D-alanine ester were analysed using insertional inactivation of the genes of the operon. Mutant strains which lacked positively charged D-alanine ester in teichoic acids bound more positively charged cytochrome C than other strains. These mutant strains also showed enhanced autolysis and a higher susceptibility to methicillin, which was expressed as accelerated wall lysis, a faster loss of viability and a slower recovery in the postantibiotic phase.