Controller⁻Pilot Data Link Communication Security.

The increased utilization of the new types of cockpit communications, including controller⁻pilot data link communications (CPDLC), puts the airplane at higher risk of hacking or interference than ever before. We review the technological characteristics and properties of the CPDLC and construct the corresponding threat model. Based on the limitations imposed by the system parameters, we propose several solutions for the improved security of the data messaging communication used in air traffic management (ATM).

The effect of dextromethorphan, alone or in combination with ibuprofen, on postoperative pain after minor gynaecological surgery.

Background: Experimental studies have demonstrated that peripheral tissue injury may lead to hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurones in the dorsal horn, in part mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor mechanisms. Sensitisation of dorsal horn neurones may be an important contributor to postoperative pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the NMDA-receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on pain after minor gynaecological surgery, and to evaluate a potential additive effect with ibuprofen.

Effect of preoperative oral dextromethorphan on immediate and late postoperative pain and hyperalgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy.

Dextromethorphan is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist known to inhibit wind-up and NMDA-mediated nociceptive responses of dorsal horn neurons. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that NMDA-receptor antagonists may potentiate the effect of analgesics such as morphine, local anesthetics and NSAIDs. Results from previous clinical studies of dextromethorphan in postoperative pain are conflicting, possibly related to administration of insufficient doses of the drug.

Effect of i.v. ketamine in combination with epidural bupivacaine or epidural morphine on postoperative pain and wound tenderness after renal surgery.

We studied 60 patients undergoing operation on the kidney with combined general and epidural anaesthesia, in a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Patients were allocated to receive a preoperative bolus dose of ketamine 10 mg i.v.

Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (dextromethorphan) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans.

Dextromethorphan is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist known to inhibit wind-up and central hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurones. We studied 24 healthy, unmedicated male volunteers, aged 21-28 yr, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Burn injuries were produced on the medial surface of the dominant calf with a 25 x 50 mm rectangular thermode.

Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans.

Ketamine reduces nociception by binding noncompetitively to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, activation of which increases spinal hypersensitivity. We studied 19 healthy, unmedicated male volunteers, aged 20-31 yr. Burn injuries were produced on the medial surface of the dominant calf with a 25 x 50 mm rectangular thermode.

Variation in spinal analgesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5% when repeated in the same patient.

The study was done to see if it was possible to predict the level of analgesia in repeated spinal blocks with our routine technique where the patient is seated during injection of plain 0.5% bupivacaine 3.5 ml at the L3-L4 interspace and placed in the lithotomy position after 0.

[Inguinal paravascular block (3-in-1 block)].

The three main nerves from the lumbar plexus may be blocked by injection of local anesthetic into the facial envelope of the femoral nerve ("three-in-one block"). The femoral nerve may be localized by obtaining paresthesia, by employing a nerve stimulator or by the loss of resistance technique. We prefer the use of a nerve stimulator.

Spinal analgesia with plain 0.5% bupivacaine administered at spinal interspace L2-3 or L4-5.

Forty patients (age range 60-79 yr) undergoing transurethral surgery were allocated randomly to receive 0.5% plain bupivacaine 4 ml at the L2-3 (n = 20) or L4-5 (n = 20) space. The solution was injected over 30 s with the patient in the sitting position.

Plain bupivacaine: 0.5% or 0.25% for spinal analgesia?

Plain 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml was compared with plain 0.25% bupivacaine 6 ml for spinal anaesthesia during transurethral surgery in 40 patients.

Respiratory depression following postoperative analgesia with epidural morphine.

Eighteen healthy patients subjected to operation for duodenal ulcer were allocated randomly to one of two regimes of analgesic treatment with epidural morphine. The analgesic regime was started either per- or postoperatively. Epidural morphine in doses of 4 mg was given until satisfactory pain relief was achieved.

Urinary retention during i.m. and extradural morphine analgesia.

In the postoperative period fifty-six healthy patients undergoing cholecystectomy or operations for duodenal ulcer, received, in a randomized order, i.m., "high-level" or "low-level" extradural morphine.

Postoperative analgesia and lung function: a comparison of intramuscular with epidural morphine.

Thirty healthy patients subjected to cholecystectomy or operation for duodenal ulcer were allocated randomly for postoperative analgesic treatment with morphine i.m. or epidurally.

Preoperative starvation and blood glucose concentrations in children undergoing inpatient and outpatient anaesthesia.

Blood glucose concentrations were measured in 82 children undergoing inpatient anaesthesia and in 46 children undergoing anaesthesia as outpatients. The children were aged between 6 months and 9 yr. Outpatients were fasted from bedtime, while inpatients were randomly allocated to two groups.

Prognosis after cardiac arrest based on age and duration of coma.

In an attempt to determine the relation between duration of coma and neurologic recovery following cardiac resuscitation 163 survivors of cardiac arrest from Winnipeg, Manitoba and Aarhus, Denmark were studied. The age of the patients did not influence the outcome. Of the 153 patients who had awakened from the coma within 24 hours, only 11 suffered brain damage, compared with all of the 10 patients who wakened after 24 hours.