Maintaining Transient Diversity Is a General Principle for Improving Collective Problem Solving.

Humans regularly solve complex problems in cooperative teams. A wide range of mechanisms have been identified that improve the quality of solutions achieved by those teams on reaching consensus. We argue that many of these mechanisms work via increasing the of solutions while the group attempts to reach a consensus.

Genetic Structure and Relationships among Wild and Cultivated Grapevines from Central Europe and Part of the Western Balkan Peninsula.

The genetic diversity and relationship between wild ( L. subsp. (Gmel.

Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Two-year results from a Swedish multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Background: Obesity is a world-wide epidemic and it is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Few randomized controlled studies have compared the 2 most common surgical procedures, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in the treatment of obese patients with T2D.

Objectives: To compare diabetes remission rates (glycosylated hemoglobin ≤6.

Oral Health-Related Quality of Life After Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Objective: The aim was to examine how individuals treated for obesity with gastric bypass (GBP) surgery perceived their oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Method: All individuals in one Swedish region who had undergone GBP surgery (n = 1182) were sent a postal questionnaire 2 years after surgery. The questionnaire comprised items on sociodemographics, oral symptoms and the Oral Health Impact Profile-49 to assess the OHRQoL.

Fracture Risk After Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Gastric bypass surgery constitutes the most common and effective bariatric surgery to treat obesity. Gastric bypass leads to bone loss, but fracture risk following surgery has been insufficiently studied. Furthermore, the association between gastric bypass and fracture risk has not been studied in patients with diabetes, which is a risk factor for fracture and affected by surgery.

Biliopancreatic Diversion is associated with greater increases in energy expenditure than Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Objective: The greater weight loss achieved following Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPDS) versus Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) has been attributed to the malabsorptive effects of BPDS. Increased weight loss after BPDS could also be underpinned by larger increases in energy expenditure. Hypothetically, the more radical reconfiguration of the small intestine in BPDS could result in an accentuated increase in meal associated thermogenesis (MAT).

Urinary sodium excretion after gastric bypass surgery.

Background: Gut-kidney signaling is implicated in sodium homeostasis and thus blood pressure regulation. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery for morbid obesity confers a pronounced and long-lasting blood pressure lowering effect in addition to significant weight loss.

Objectives: We set out to establish whether RYGB is associated with an intrinsic change in urinary sodium excretion that may contribute to the reported blood pressure lowering effects of the procedure.

[Energy restriction and adherence required for weight loss without surgery].

Energy restriction and adherence required for weight loss without surgery Non-surgical weight loss treatment has not been shown to reduce mortality or cardiovascular morbidity, but can prevent diabetes mellitus and improves cardiovascular risk factors. For weight loss, energy restriction is fundamental and can lead to an average 2 to 20 kg loss over 6 to 12 months. Pharmacological treatment, behaviour therapy, physical activity and weight loss advice through web sites and smartphone applications and combinations in addition to energy restriction can contribute to further, but relatively limited weight loss up to 30 months.

Dumping symptoms is triggered by fat as well as carbohydrates in patients operated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Background: Dumping syndrome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is traditionally associated with the consumption of refined carbohydrates, but the role of dietary fat is unclear.

Objectives: This study compares symptoms after consumption of a carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich beverage to determine perceived symptoms, glycemic control, and pulse rate.

Setting: University hospital.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation.

Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective procedure for the treatment of obesity. Given the role of the gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism and adiposity, we investigated the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on the microbiome of patients randomized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or vertical banded gastroplasty and matched for weight and fat mass loss. The two surgical procedures induced similar and durable changes on the gut microbiome that were not dependent on body mass index and resulted in altered levels of fecal and circulating metabolites compared with obese controls.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Increases Respiratory Quotient and Energy Expenditure during Food Intake.

Objective: The mechanisms determining long-term weight maintenance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) remain unclear. Cross sectional studies have suggested that enhanced energy expenditure (EE) may play a significant role and the aim of this study was to reveal the impact of RYGB on each major component constituting total EE.

Design: Six obese female subjects, without other co-morbidities, were assessed before and at 10 days, 3 and 20 months after RYGB.

Preoperative assessment of gut hormones does not correlate to weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an effective and frequently used surgical treatment for severe obesity. Postoperative weight loss varies markedly, but biomarkers to predict weight loss outcomes remain elusive. Levels of the satiety gut hormones glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are attenuated in obese patients but elevated after RYGB surgery.

Bone mineral density and expression of vitamin D receptor-dependent calcium uptake mechanisms in the proximal small intestine after bariatric surgery.

Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may lead to impaired calcium uptake. Therefore, operation-specific effects of gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty on bone mineral density (BMD) were examined in a randomized clinical trial. Bone resorption markers and mechanisms of decreased calcium uptake after gastric bypass were investigated using blood and endoscopic samples from two additional patient cohorts.

More symptoms but similar blood glucose curve after oral carbohydrate provocation in patients with a history of hypoglycemia-like symptoms compared to asymptomatic patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity through altering several physiologic mechanisms. Some patients experience symptoms suggestive of hypglycemia after LRYGB, but whether these symptoms always are associated with low blood glucose are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between symptoms suggestive of hypglycemia, plasma glucose levels and gut hormones involved in glycemic control.

Enhanced fasting and post-prandial plasma bile acid responses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Objective: Exogenous bile acid (BA) administration is associated with beneficial metabolic effects very similar to those seen after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Re-routing of bile into a biliopancreatic limb with simultaneous exclusion of food occurs after RYGB, with subsequent increased fasting plasma BAs. The study assessed fasting and post-prandial plasma BA response before and 15 months after RYGB.

Higher circulating bile acid concentrations in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Bile acids (BAs) play an important role in releasing incretin hormones via the enteroendocrine L-cell surface TGR5 receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in BA concentration at baseline and in response to a meal stimulus between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a matched normoglycaemic group.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study of 12 patients with known T2DM and 12 matched normoglycaemic controls compared BA fractions after an overnight fast and following a standard meal.

Increased postprandial energy expenditure may explain superior long term weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared to vertical banded gastroplasty.

Background And Aims: Gastric bypass results in greater weight loss than Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In addition to effects on energy intake the two bariatric techniques may differentially influence energy expenditure (EE). Gastric bypass in rats increases postprandial EE enough to result in elevated EE over 24 hours.

Long-term results of a randomized clinical trial comparing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with vertical banded gastroplasty.

Background: The long-term results of Roux-en-$\hbox{Y}$ gastric bypass (gastric bypass) and vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) from randomized studies have not been described in detail.

Methods: Patients were randomized to gastric bypass or VBG. Body mass index (BMI), body composition, eating habits and gastrointestinal hormones were reviewed after 6 years.

Cryoconservation of Oocytes in a Patient with Breast Cancer and Intrauterine Early Pregnancy.

A 38-year-old patient newly diagnosed with invasive ductal breast cancer wished to cryoconserve her unfertilised oocytes. Stimulation was started on the 26th day of her menstrual cycle with daily administration of 300 IE hMG s. c.

Two-year outcome of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents with severe obesity: results from a Swedish Nationwide Study (AMOS).

Context: The prevalence of obesity among adolescents has increased and we lack effective treatments.

Objective: To determine if gastric bypass is safe and effective for an unselected cohort of adolescents with morbid obesity in specialized health care.

Design, Setting And Patients: Intervention study for 81 adolescents (13-18 years) with a body mass index (BMI) range 36-69 kg m(-2) undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in a university hospital setting in Sweden between April 2006 and May 2009.

Gastric bypass reduces fat intake and preference.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the most effective therapy for morbid obesity. This study investigated how gastric bypass affects intake of and preference for high-fat food in an experimental (rat) study and within a trial setting (human). Proportion of dietary fat in gastric bypass patients was significantly lower 6 yr after surgery compared with patients after vertical-banded gastroplasty (P = 0.

Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Objective: To evaluate the physiologic importance of the satiety gut hormones.

Background: Controversy surrounds the physiologic role of gut hormones in the control of appetite. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment option for obesity, and gut hormones are implicated in the reduction of appetite and weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.