Action selection and simultaneously presented emotional sound and reward: Differential effects on implicit and explicit sense of agency.

The sense of agency (SoA) refers to the subjective experience of influencing the external world through actions. This study explores how action selection and simultaneous affective outcomes impact implicit and explicit SoA. In two experiments, participants performed free or instructed key presses followed by simultaneously presenting a reward picture (gain, loss) with an emotional sound (positive, neutral, negative).

Methylobacterium nigriterrae sp. nov., isolated from black soil.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile rod bacterium, designated as SYSU BS000021, was isolated from a black soil sample in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Methylobacterium, and showed the highest sequence similarity to Methylobacterium segetis KCTC 62267 (98.51%) and Methylobacterium oxalidis DSM 24028 (97.

Expending effort may share neural responses with reward and evokes high subjective satisfaction.

Throughout our daily lives, the levels of effort we invest in various tasks are influenced by reward processing. The subjective expectation after expending effort is a primary factor affecting reward processing. However, recent studies indicate that individual differences in reward anticipation influence this subjective valuation.