Virtual sensing for dynamic industrial process based on localized linear dynamical system models with time-delay optimization.

Virtual sensors play an important role in real-time sensing of key quality-related variables in industrial processes. Linear dynamical system (LDS) paradigm has established itself as a powerful tool for developing dynamic virtual sensors. However, there are still some practically pivotal issues unresolved, such as how to improve the generalization reliability and accuracy when accounting for the time delays and how to broaden the application sphere by breaking their limitations to linear processes.

Effect of the wavelength of infrared heaters on the inactivation of bacterial spores at various water activities.

Bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis NBRC 16183) inoculated onto a stainless steel Petri dish and treated at nine levels of water activity (a(w)) for 2 days were inactivated by infrared radiation heating (IRH) using three kinds of infrared heaters with different radiation spectra. The peak wavelengths used were 950, 1,100 and 1,150 nm.