Machine Learning-Assisted Analysis of Sublingual Microcirculatory Dysfunction for Early Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Aims: To examine whether sublingual microcirculation can be used as an effective and noninvasive method for assessing cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials And Methods: This cross-sectional observational study enrolled 186 patients with T2DM. All patients were evaluated using the Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score (FGCRS) and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome stage.

Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by SIRT3 inhibition drives proinflammatory macrophage polarization in obesity.

Objective: Metabolic reprogramming is a main feature of proinflammatory macrophage polarization, a process that leads to inflammation in dysfunctional adipose tissue. Therefore, the study aim was to explore whether sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, participates in this pathophysiological process.

Methods: Macrophage-specific Sirt3 knockout (Sirt3-MKO) mice and wild-type littermates were treated with a high-fat diet.

Cx43 acts as a mitochondrial calcium regulator that promotes obesity by inducing the polarization of macrophages in adipose tissue.

Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages initiates the polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages that exacerbates adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. The imbalance of mitochondrial Ca homeostasis impairs mitochondrial function and promotes inflammation. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a ubiquitous gap junction protein, has been demonstrated to regulate intracellular Ca homeostasis.

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Canagliflozin Antagonizes Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Through Modifying Transient Receptor Potential Channels 3 Mediated Vascular Calcium Handling.

Background Salt-sensitive hypertension is highly prevalent and associated with cardiorenal damage. Large clinical trials have demonstrated that SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors exert hypotensive effect and cardiorenal protective benefits in patients with hypertension with and without diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive.

Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia accelerates the progression of Alzheimer's disease through impairment of the TRPC6/GLUT3 pathway.

Currently, the most effective strategy for dealing with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is delaying the onset of dementia. Severe hypoglycemia is strongly associated with dementia; however, the effects of recurrent moderate hypoglycemia (RH) on the progression of cognitive deficits in patients with diabetes with genetic susceptibility to AD remain unclear. Here, we report that insulin-controlled hyperglycemia slightly aggravated AD-type pathologies and cognitive impairment; however, RH significantly increased neuronal hyperactivity and accelerated the progression of cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic APP/PS1 mice.

Innate Immune System Orchestrates Metabolic Homeostasis and Dysfunction in Visceral Adipose Tissue During Obesity.

Arising incidence of metabolic disorders and related diseases caused by obesity is a global health concern. Elucidating the role of the immune system in this process will help to understand the related mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Here, we have focused on innate immune cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and summarized the roles of these cells in maintaining the homeostasis of VAT.

Polymer-Based Scaffold Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair and Regeneration.

The injury to the spinal cord is among the most complex fields of medical development. Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to acute loss of motor and sensory function beneath the injury level and is linked to a dismal prognosis. Currently, while a strategy that could heal the injured spinal cord remains unforeseen, the latest advancements in polymer-mediated approaches demonstrate promising treatment forms to remyelinate or regenerate the axons and to integrate new neural cells in the SCI.

Functional Biomaterials for Treatment of Chronic Wound.

The increasing number of patients with chronic wounds caused by diseases, such as diabetes, malignant tumors, infections, and vasculopathy, has caused severe economic and social burdens. The main clinical treatments for chronic wounds include the systemic use of antibiotics, changing dressings frequently, operative debridement, and flap repair. These routine therapeutic strategies are characterized by a long course of treatment, substantial trauma, and high costs, and fail to produce satisfactory results.