Adaptive Safety Coding in the Prefrontal Cortex.

Pivotal to self-preservation is the ability to identify when we are safe and when we are in danger. Previous studies have focused on safety estimations based on the features of external threats and do not consider how the brain integrates other key factors, including estimates about our ability to protect ourselves. Here we examine the neural systems underlying the online dynamic encoding of safety.

Latent motives guide structure learning during adaptive social choice.

Predicting the behaviour of others is an essential part of social cognition. Despite its ubiquity, social prediction poses a poorly understood generalization problem: we cannot assume that others will repeat past behaviour in new settings or that their future actions are entirely unrelated to the past. We demonstrate that humans solve this challenge using a structure learning mechanism that uncovers other people's latent, unobservable motives, such as greed and risk aversion.

Recurrence after successful catheter ablation for ventricular arrhythmia from the aortic root.

Objective: The mechanism underlying recurrence after successful ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) was unclear. Spectrum analysis can help to identify near-field activation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes of near-field activation in response to ablation at the VAs origin in the aortic root (AR-VAs) and to assess its relationship with late ablation outcome.

Plasma galectin-3 predicts clinical outcomes after catheter ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation patients without structural heart disease.

Aims: This study sought to explore the relationship between plasma galectin-3 (Gal-3) and persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF), and investigate whether Gal-3 predicts clinical outcomes in patients with PsAF undergoing catheter ablation.

Methods: Fifty consecutive PsAF patients without coexisting structural heart disease undergoing first-time catheter ablation and 46 healthy controls were included. Blood samples were collected on admission for analysis of plasma Gal-3.

HATCH score in the prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter.

Background: New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is not uncommon after ablation of typical atrial flutter (AFL); however, limited data are available for a risk prediction model for the future occurrence of AF in patients with typical AFL undergoing successful catheter ablation.

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the HATCH score (which is based on hypertension, age ≥75 years, transient ischemic attack or stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure) is useful for risk prediction of subsequent AF after ablation of typical AFL.

Methods: A total of 216 consecutive patients presenting with typical AFL and no history of AF who underwent successful catheter ablation were enrolled in the study.

Pouched mitral isthmus is associated with incomplete linear block in atrial fibrillation patients with mechanical mitral valve replacement.

Background: Previous studies have described the impact of mitral isthmus (MI) anatomy on the likelihood of achieving MI linear block in patients with native mitral valves (NMV) who underwent atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. However, none have investigated that issue in AF patients with mechanical mitral valve replacements (MMVR).

Methods And Results: Twenty-nine consecutive patients who developed symptomatic persistent AF post-MMVR and referred for ablation were enrolled.