Multi-scale modelling of battery cooling systems for grid frequency regulation with high C-rate amplitude and non-uniform cell heat generation.

The introduction of battery energy storage systems is crucial for addressing the challenges associated with reduced grid stability that arise from the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. However, operating the energy storage system in scenarios such as frequency regulation and fluctuation mitigation can result in high C-rates, leading to increased heat load and significant thermal gradients within the cells. This study investigates the electro-thermal characteristics and non-uniform heat generation of a 100 Ah lithium-ion battery.