A Microstructural Study of the O/W Primary Emulsion on the Formation of Oil-in-Water-in-Oil Multiple Emulsion.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the preparation process and composition on the microstructure of the O/W primary emulsions and the corresponding impact on the formation of oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) multiple emulsions.

Objectives: Multiple emulsions were prepared by a two-step emulsification method and the microstructure was characterized by the microscope.

Methods: The primary emulsion was prepared by four kinds of preparation methods, which include both high-energy and low-energy emulsification, and then the primary emulsion was re-emulsified by stirring in the outer phase.

Asymmetric synthesis of nonracemic primary amines via spiroborate-catalyzed reduction of pure (E)- and (Z)-O-benzyloximes: applications toward the synthesis of calcimimetic agents.

Highly enantiopure (1-aryl)- and (1-naphthyl)-1-ethylamines were synthesized by the borane-mediated reduction of single-isomeric (E)- and (Z)-O-benzyloxime ethers using the stable spiroborate ester derived from (S)-diphenyl valinol and ethylene glycol as the chiral catalyst. Primary (R)-arylethylamines were prepared by the reduction of pure (Z)-ethanone oxime ethers in up to 99% ee using 15% of catalyst. Two convenient and facile approaches to the synthesis of new and known calcimimetic analogues employing enantiopure (1-naphthalen-1-yl)ethylamine as chiral precursor are described.

Acute toxicity of benzene derivatives to the tadpoles (Rana japonica) and QSAR analyses.

Acute lethal toxicity (the negative logarithm of molar concentrations of 12 h acute median lethal, expressed as 12 h-log1/LC50) of 46 benzene derivatives to Rana japonica tadpoles was determined. 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow)-dependent models were developed to study the toxicity of different categories chemicals. In an effort to model all chemicals, response surface analyses and stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed and successful models were obtained.