Analysis of the microscopic interactions between processed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides and water.

The dissolution and microscopic interactions of processed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides in water are extremely important because they strongly influence the process to extract these polysaccharides from water. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation methods were used to analyse the influence of extraction temperature, concentration and molecular weight on the radial distribution function (RDF), mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient (D), radius of gyration (R), and microstructure of processed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides in water as well as the intrinsic viscosity (η), hydrogen bond characteristics and microscopic interactions in the solutions. The research results showed that the extraction temperature, concentration and molecular weight of the polysaccharides had important effects on the RDF, MSD, D, R, η, hydrogen bond characteristics and the microstructure of the polysaccharide molecules, but there were some major differences.

Strategies to Study Dark Growth Deficient or Slower Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Photosynthesis is the most important chemical reaction on the earth, and about 60% of the CO is fixed by algae through photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms including algae experience half of the entire life in the dark due to diel cycles, and dark metabolism is critical and necessary for photosynthetic organisms to restart photosynthesis when receiving light again. Briefly, dark metabolism provides necessary materials and energy for restoring photosynthesis, reoxidizes NADH to form NAD, rationally stores photosynthates, and maintains correct redox balance.

Neoxanthin affects the stability of the C S M -type photosystem II supercomplexes and the kinetics of state transition in Arabidopsis.

Neoxanthin (Neo), which is only bound to the peripheral antenna proteins of photosystem (PS) II, is a conserved carotenoid in all green plants. It has been demonstrated that Neo plays an important role in photoprotection and its deficiency fails to impact LHCII stability in vitro and indoor plant growth in vivo. Whether Neo is involved in maintaining the PSII complex structure or adaptive mechanisms for the everchanging environment has not yet been elucidated.

Photosynthetic inner antenna CP47 plays important roles in ephemeral plants in adapting to high light stress.

Throughout 3.5 billion years of evolution, photosynthesis of land plants has developed a complicated antenna system to cope with the ever-changing environments. The antenna system of photosystem (PS) II includes the outer antennae and inner antennae.

Enhanced Cr(VI) removal by polyethylenimine- and phosphorus-codoped hierarchical porous carbons.

The amino- and phosphorus-codoped (N,P-codoped) porous carbons derived from oil-tea shells were facilely fabricated through a combination of phosphoric acid (HPO) activation and amino (polyethylenimine, PEI) modification method. The as-synthesized carbon adsorbents were systematically characterized and evaluated for Cr(VI) removal in aqueous solutions. The relationship between adsorbent properties and adsorption behaviors was illustrated.

9-cis-Neoxanthin in Light Harvesting Complexes of Photosystem II Regulates the Binding of Violaxanthin and Xanthophyll Cycle.

The light-harvesting chlorophyll complex of photosystem II (LHCII) is able to switch to multiple functions under different light conditions (i.e. harvesting solar energy for photosynthesis and dissipating excess excitation energy for photoprotection).

Spring Ephemerals Adapt to Extremely High Light Conditions via an Unusual Stabilization of Photosystem II.

Ephemerals, widely distributed in the Gobi desert, have developed significant characteristics to sustain high photosynthetic efficiency under high light (HL) conditions. Since the light reaction is the basis for photosynthetic conversion of solar energy to chemical energy, the photosynthetic performances in thylakoid membrane of the spring ephemerals in response to HL were studied. Three plant species, namely two C3 spring ephemeral species of Cruciferae: Arabidopsis pumila (A.

The N-terminal domain of Lhcb proteins is critical for recognition of the LHCII kinase.

The light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b complex of photosystem (PS) II (LHCII) plays important roles in the distribution of the excitation energy between the two PSs in the thylakoid membrane during state transitions. In this process, LHCII, homo- or heterotrimers composed of Lhcb1-3, migrate between PSII and PSI depending on the phosphorylation status of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2. We have studied the mechanisms of the substrate recognition of a thylakoid threonine kinase using reconstituted site-directed trimeric Lhcb protein-pigment complex mutants.

The PsbS protein plays important roles in photosystem II supercomplex remodeling under elevated light conditions.

Leaves from three different Arabidopsis lines with different expression levels of PsbS protein showed different levels of non-photochemical quenching. The PsbS deficient plant npq4 showed remarkable reduction of electron transport rate, while the other two lines with a moderate amount (wild type) or an overexpression of PsbS (L17) presented unchanged electron transport rates under the same range of high light intensities. Biochemical investigation revealed that the plant with the highest PsbS content (L17) sustained the highest level of stable PSII-LHCII supercomplex structure, and displayed the smallest fluorescence quenching in the thylakoid membranes, the most efficient linear electron transport and the smallest cyclic electron transport.

Diminished photoinhibition is involved in high photosynthetic capacities in spring ephemeral Berteroa incana under strong light conditions.

Berteroa incana (B. incana), a spring ephemeral species of Brassicaceae, possesses very high photosynthetic capacities at high irradiances. Exploring the mechanism of the high light use efficiency of B.

Reorganization of photosystem II is involved in the rapid photosynthetic recovery of desert moss Syntrichia caninervis upon rehydration.

The moss Syntrichia caninervis (S. caninervis) is one of the dominant species in biological soil crusts of deserts. It has long been the focus of scientific research because of its ecological value.